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The world of digital currencies is becoming popular day by day. A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. It is a decentralized currency as it operates without a single administrator; the transactions take place directly between the users and intermediaries. Bitcoin is a distinct mode of exchange when compared to usual banks. The prices of bitcoins are volatile i.e. they can unpredictably increase or decrease over a period of time. Bitcoins are considered high-risk assets whose transactions can only be refunded and not reversed. The bitcoin came into existence in January 2009, with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the first block of bitcoins ever. Since then, a number of supporters engaged in transactions and received bitcoins. Countries around the world started accepting bitcoin as a legitimate way of currency. However, India hasn't legalized the use of Bitcoins due to a number of reasons. The objective of this paper is the comparative study between bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

Corruption is a major global financial problem with billions of dollars rendered lost or unaccountable annually. Corruption through contract fraud is often conducted by withholding and/or altering financial information. When such scandals are investigated by authorities, financial and legal documents are usually altered to conceal the paper trail. Smart contracts have emerged in recent years and appear promising for applications such as legal contracts where transparency is critical and of public interest. Transparency and auditability are inherent because smart contracts execute operations on the blockchain, a distributed public ledger. In this paper, we propose the Minimum Hybrid Contract (MHC), with the aim of introducing 1) auditability, 2) transparency, and 3) immutabil-ity to the contract's financial transactions. The MHC comprises an online smart contract and an o✏ine traditional legal contract. where the two are immutably linked. Secure peer-to-peer financial transactions, transparency, and cost accounting are automated by the smart contract, and legal issues or disputes are carried out by civil courts. The reliance on established legal processes facilitates an appropriate adoption of smart contracts in traditional contracts .

The blockchain, the technological innovation reinforcement the recognizable cryptocurrencies bitcoin, is progressively more the subject of academic and public question. In present circumstances it had become buzzword in a future too. Blockchain technology, first functional in the blueprint of Bitcoin in 2008, emerged from a movement of anarchists, computer scientists and crypto aficionado who aphorism the impending of the technology as a breakthrough in the long anticipated apprehension of an old “cypherpunk” dream of money that is free from the control of the state which also in a judicial language considered as a legal tender and other third parties, such as commercial banks. The main aim of the research is to elucidate the concept of blockchain in a holistic manner vis-à-vis peer-to-peer network management by taking into consideration Internet of Thing (IoT), cryptocurrencies and bitcoin, positive etc. The study also highlights the impact of blockchain in a management perspectives. The paper also demonstrates how blockchain management with IoT will offer opportunities to the organizations and how it will impact their future competitiveness and market share and it exhibits various other issues relating to blockchain.

Having identified contracts as the nexus of corruption, I sought to find how contracts, blockchain smart contracts, and financial regulations can be used to make them both secure, accountable, transparent, and inclusive. Then I explored how corruption in a contractual relationship could be mitigated, using the term Minimum Hybrid Contract (MHC) which I coined, where a smart contract is a supplement to a legal contract providing transparency and immutability to the contract’s financial transactions, privacy is accepted as a human need and total transparency must be avoided. The extensive literature review on blockchain explains its key features for financial transaction; transparency and immutability. Blockchain smart contracts can interplay with, or replace legal contract, and mitigate agency theory issues which increases trust in the principal-agent relationship. The MHC is an evolutionary change proposition to ensure stability because it leaves the legal contract as it provides a smart contract as a supplemental transactional tool. To implement the MHC architecture in a legislation cryptocurrencies are required for the blockchain smart contract to work. Because there is regulatory uncertainty around cryptocurrencies whereas they are illegal in several countries, regulatory strategies such as sandboxes and safe harbors giving regulatory slack and closer collaboration with innovators to ensure financial stability while searching for the optimal regulation is an elaboration on the design of the MHC. Key agency theory issues are be mitigated significantly when blockchain smart contract’s transparent, open, and immutable properties are leveraged in financial transactions. Information sharing increases when using blockchain because a receipt for a financial transactions is indistinguishable from the transaction itself, thus the MHC provides a deterrent against financial crime by removing the opportunity of conducting receipt fraud. Moreover, the MHC mitigates moral hazard because auditing the immutable and transparent blockchain-based transactions does not require trust in the auditor because the process can be automated by automatically reading data from the blockchain smart contract. Thus agency costs are also reduced as the monitoring costs of financial transactions are reduced, and blockchain smart contracts replace auditors.

Official translation of Guillaume Helleu and Anthony Masure's 2018 article entitled «Total Record. Les protocoles blockchain face au post-capitalisme.» Abstract: The Bitcoin Protocol (2009) marked an extension of the utopias envisioned by the Crypto-Anarchists with the development of a secure and distributed online digital currency designed to escape the centralization of power by banks and governments. Hijacked [récupérée] in large part from speculative finance, these technologies, 'chains of blocks' (the blockchain), were progressive developments that widely surpassed applications in the traditional monetary field (distributed applications, smart contracts, tokens of value, etc.). Despite the persistence of certain social and technical breaking points, can the blockchain protocol work with, and even speed up, the destructive logic of contemporary finance capitalism? 1. [Originally published "Total Record: Les protocoles blockchain face au post-capitalisme," in Multitudes 71 (2018/2), 70-79. DOI: mult.071.0070]

This paper continues the work established by others in the research field observing the behaviour of investors in the cryptocurrency market. Through a thorough review of the related literature, the paper will propose no new impeccable evidence but highlight the mountain of circumstantial ones. The paper offers a detailed technical background and an overview of the related behavioural literature. Policy implications and regulations are also briefly discussed.

Adoption of Cryptocurrency has grown significantly over the time and becoming more popular among young generation. People are calling it currency of new digital era. In this research work we are reviewing the dominant Cryptocurrency systems and its underlying disruptive Innovations and Technologies.

Technological developments that accelerated in the 21st century, while providing great positive contributions to societies, bring with them some problems. Especially the using of technological opportunities in the crime world is a new threat to public security. DEASH "ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah fil-Iraq wa ash-Sham" (using term "ISIS" the acronym "Islamic State of Iraq and Sham" is not correct because each terrorist organization is named according to their local language (PKK, ETA, IRA etc.) terrorist organization is actively using financial and visual tools of the Internet for the financing of terrorism in cyberspace. In this study, it is explained how the blockchain technology and Bitcoin used by DEASH terrorist organization have been used in recent years with sample cases.

https://www.ijert.org/implementation-of-blockchain-on-criminality-record-checker https://www.ijert.org/research/implementation-of-blockchain-on-criminality-record-checker-IJERTV9IS040632.pdf In the current scenario, the demand for computerization and data security has been increasing to combat with the increasing rate of crimes in the society. In the existing solution for prison management system there exist substantive data symmetry among prisons. Thus, during access of any prisoner detail, system may provide inappropriate details. Our objective is to implement a novel approach that stores the prisoner's credentials and efficiently verifies the prisoner's credentials via the blockchain technology. Our proposed solution is implements in the Hyperledger framework and the experimental result shows that our proposed solution is beneficial for the existing and upcoming investigation department.