Strategy (Military Science)

No one doubts the gravity of the situation. Russian forces are moving west to occupy parts of Ukraine beyond the Donbas region and the Crimea. There have also been severe Russian cyber attacks on German infrastructure, while Vladimir Putin has threatened to invade Estonia. NATO’s secretary general has asked one of his predecessors, Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, to join the meeting and share advice.

There is broad agreement that the study of military history is an essential component of professional education for military officers. Although many successful modern commanders, including Napoleon and MacArthur, advocated extending their reading back to ancient times, Clausewitz wrote: "The further back one goes, the less useful military history becomes. " This essay argues, to the contrary, that officers have much to gain by including pre-modern warfare in their studies. A larger and more diverse data-set of examples and case studies allows for more reliable generalization, gives more opportunities for inspiration, and helps guard against the tempting but unwise assumptions that the next war will be similar to the last one, and the equally tempting and equally unwise presumption that material strength alone will ensure victory. Moreover, historians of ancient and medieval warfare, like officers exercising their core professional responsibility in combat, must grapple with scanty and conflicting evidence. Pre-modern history, like war, is a realm of uncertainty; many of the "facts" can only be known as probabilities. The best preparation for seeing through the fog of war, therefore, may be the exercise of peering through the mists of time.

Pertahanan udara di suatu negara mutlak memerlukan ketersediaan seluruh sarana prasarana pendukung yang memadai, diantaranya adalah ketersediaan pesawat tempur. Lamanya periode waktu yang diperlukan untuk melakukan pemeliharaan overhaul pesawat tempur memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap ketersediaannya dalam mendukung system pertahanan Negara. Salah satu pesawat tempur tersebut adalah pesawat tempur Hawk Mk-209 yang berdasarkantechnical order/maintenance manual membutuhkan waktu overhaul 101.848 menit atau setara 14 bulan.Pendekatan model matematik optimasi dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan solusi optimum, dalam hal ini adalah untukmeminimumkan waktu overhaul pemeliharaan untuk pesawat tempur Hawk Mk-209. Metode JalurLintasan Kritis (Critical Path Method/CPM) dan Program Evaluation and Review Technique/PERT digunakan untuk mendukung tercapainya solusi optimal.Melalui optimasi dan CPM PERT diperoleh waktu pemeliharaan overhaul 28.984,50 detik atau setara 4,61 bulan. Dengan demikian di...

Prezentul articol presupune o cercetare a instrumentelor de dezvoltare a capacităților umane, folosite în scopul creșterii ratelor de succes în conflictele militare. Astfel, este prezentată o retrospectivă a metodelor utilizate în Antichitate de luptători celebri, precum sumerienii, vikingii, grecii și romanii. De asemenea, materialul științific cuprinde o perspectivă contemporană și prospectivă a metodologiilor de transformare a soldaților în „supersoldați”. Că este vorba fie despre prima etapă și încercările inițiale de dezvoltare a capacităților soldaților prin intermediul ciupercilor halucinogene, alcoolului, amfetaminelor, fie despre faza revoluționară a acestui domeniu, definită de implicarea tehnologiei, toate aceste metode reprezintă o „sabie cu două tăișuri”. Afirmația anterioară este susținută de faptul că, pe lângă beneficiile aduse de evoluție, trebuie avute în vedere o serie de preocupări etice și legale. Cu toate acestea, articolul pledază pentru o soluție care să perm...

The interest of social sciences in the military dates back ages, and currently, special attention is being paid to Russia’s war in Ukraine. The present paper also follows this research trend, and it intends to analyze both the tactical and operational levels of war by investigating how the military assistance provided by Western states and international organizations to Ukraine is influencing the course of the Russo-Ukrainian war. Subsequently, the paper studies the military assistance in all three phases of the war, beginning from the invasion of Crimea, through the Donbas offensive, to the phase of Ukrainian counter-offensives. The research method used by this paper was to review and synthesize the existing but scarce and sometimes disinformative literature. The findings suggest that Western military aid began cautiously by providing only non-lethal, defensive weapons, but it was of crucial importance in the second phase of the war by guaranteeing heavy weaponry. The paper conclud...

Today digital technology pervades the world's militaries. Their lifeblood is now digitised information circulating through their force structures and used for warfighting and force management. As part of this process, military forces have built up tightly integrated, theatre-wide battle networks. These battle networks are used to detect what is happening on the battlefield, process that data into actionable information, decide on a course of action, communicate decisions among forces, act on those decisions, and assess the effectiveness of the actions taken. Todd Harrison asserts: "they are widely acknowledged as an increasingly important element of modern warfare." A future major war will involve opposing battle networks fighting each other.

The purpose of this research paper is to provide a better understanding of the challenges that a modern state faces in the current security environment. Given the emerging threat environment with innovative state and non-state actors willing to confront a modern state across a spectrum of activities, it is of vital importance to provide a clear picture for civil servants/employees of the state to best use the tools of good governance. Without a more robust employment of the whole-of-government resources and a holistic approach of the national security the modern state will not be able to counter such threats and seize, retain or exploit the strategic initiative.

For all its many faults the Pakistan army is becoming ever more important as the one institution which can resist the centrifugal forces endangering Pakistan’s future. However, the army needs to step back from its confrontation with Imran Khan and look for some form of understanding with India

This article examines five ways in which a principal in civilmilitary relations (CMR) might be “unprincipled” and the implications of these different modes. First, it presents a general sense of the broader view of CMR into which categories are being positioned. Next, it defines the role of norms, morals, and ethics before outlining the five types of unprincipled players in civilmilitary relations. It concludes with the implications each has for CMR, ultimately exposing where civilmilitary relations will become either ineffective or untenably problematic. Alternate strategies for CMR will be necessary depending upon the kind of “unprincipled principal” with whom the agent is dealing.

This discourse examines the evolution and contemporary framework of military education, delineating historical foundations, current paradigms, and prospective trajectories. The transition from traditional didactic approaches to interactive methodologies signifies a transformative educational stance. Central to the present-day military pedagogy is the pragmatic integration of cutting-edge scientific advancements, particularly in weapons and specialized equipment, aligning seamlessly with the exigencies of modern warfare. Moreover, the assimilation of standardized e-textbook frameworks underscores a pivotal stride, enhancing accessibility and embracing sustainability. This synthesis of theory, practical application, and technological assimilation epitomizes the essence of contemporary military education, poised to steer towards an adaptive and interdisciplinary educational landscape, cognizant of future imperatives in national defense.

This article aims to characterize the Roman geography of the imperial era through the application of Digital Humanities and Spatial Humanities approaches and techniques. Works of five authors are analyzed: Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela, Dionysius of Alexandria, and Flavius Arrian. For each one a selection of tools are employed: annotation was performed using Recogito, text analysis was carried out with the aid of Voyant Tools,and finally spatial analysis was performed in ArcGIS Pro, a tool within which a cartographic reconstruction was also created. All of the above allows us to reinforce and offer a better understanding of Rome's territoriality. It also adds value to the use of Digital Humanities tools in the study of the History of Ancient Geography.

L’Europa iper-armata dove cresce la militarizzazione dei territori, della società, dell’economia, della ricerca e dell’istruzione, dell’industria e del lavoro. Un continente duramente provato dal sanguinoso conflitto in Ucraina e dall’esplosione delle spese militari con il trasferimento al complesso militare-industriale di sempre più ingenti risorse finanziarie pubbliche sottratte al welfare, alla sanità, all’istruzione, alla lotta contro la disoccupazione e le vecchie e nuove povertà. L’inarrestabile processo di conversione del vecchio continente in fortezza bellica è ampiamente documentato dal report sulla spesa militare mondiale 2022 pubblicato ad aprile dall’autorevole SIPRI, l’istituto di ricerche sulla pace di Stoccolma.

The paper aims to illustrate the debate regarding the Italian air force in the period from 1910 to 1918. On the one hand, a vast front began to form, including a large part of public opinion and a number of members of parliament, which called for the need to strengthen the wartime use of aviation. On the other hand, the strongest resistance against strengthening Italian aviation, at least up to the outbreak of the First World War, came from military and governmental circles. The army chief of staff, Alberto Pollio, and many generals did not realize the devastating wartime capabilities of aviation; the top military ranks always considered aviation to be an auxiliary force, a means of support for infantry, artillery or engineers. Italy, at a government level, did not have the raw materials or finance available to such countries as France, Britain, and Germany. If the limited budget influenced wartime aviation production, it was the scepticism of the top military ranks, from Pollio to ...

While the nineteenth century was the century of ‘gold nuggets’, the twentieth century of ‘black gold’, the twenty-first century will be the century of wars for ‘bread’ and ‘blue gold’ and related crises. Approximately eighteen thousand children die every day from hunger or malnutrition as 850 million people go to bed with an empty stomach. Mozambique, Eritrea, Afghanistan are just a few countries whose instability result from hunger and water shortages. C. Clausewitz argued that each era has its own war. So do our times. They will have their war too. Deficiencies related to the insufficiency of life is a key category of internal security of each country and region. Therefore, to determine their contemporary character is the starting point for local but also global safety. Today, more and more domestic security is related to the global security situation and vice versa. Risks associated with lack of basic life-giving ‘materials’, which is food and water, could become a potential situ...

  În plină campanie de eliberare a Transilvaniei, Consiliul Dirigent din Sibiu a hotărât să sprijine efortul armatei române și a dispus înființarea unui Comandament General Teritorial, cu misiunea de a începe recrutarea în Ardeal, în Banat și în ținuturile românești din Ungaria, pentru constituirea unor unități de voluntari. Mai târziu, din rândul acestora, au fost înființate Corpurile 6 și 7 armată, recrutate exclusiv dintre ardeleni, indiferent de naționalitate. În baza Decretului I al Consiliului Dirigent, legile, ordonanțele, regulamentele și statutele legale emise înainte de 18 octombrie 1918, data proclamării independenţei Transilvaniei față de Budapesta, au rămas provizoriu în vigoare. În acest context, militarii diviziilor ardelene erau supuși jurisdicției militare, în baza Codului penal militar austro-ungar din 1855, în timp ce militarii armatei române care acționau sub comanda Comandamentului Trupelor din Transilvania se aflau sub jurisdicția legilor românești, implicit a ...

Dalam rangka mendukung program pengembangan roket sonda LAPAN, telah dikembangkan muatan pengukur atmosfer untuk roket sonda RSX-100 beserta metode pengujiannya yang terdiri dari pengujian sistem sensor dan jangkauan sistem telemetri, pengujian ketahanan muatan, pengujian pelepasan muatan dan pembukaan parasut, pengujian integrasi roket, dan peluncuran muatan pengukur atmosfer bersama RSX-100. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, sistem telemetri dengan link margin sebesar 50,76 dB untuk jangkauan 8 km telah berhasil mengirimkan data sensor tekanan dan GPS hingga ketinggian 11 km. Frekuensi natural muatan yang sebesar 80 Hz sangat aman terhadap munculnya resonansi dengan frekuensi natural roket. Muatan juga telah teruji ketahanannya terhadap getaran, hentakan, dan percepatan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi saat roket terbang. Sistem pelepasan muatan dan pembukaan parasut juga telah teruji mampu mengeluarkan parasut dan muatan dari dalam tabung roket dengan waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh parasut ...

This handbook provides a comprehensive, problem-driven and dynamic overview of the future of warfare. The volatilities and uncertainties of the global security environment raise timely and important questions about the future of humanity's oldest occupation: war. This volume addresses these questions through a collection of cutting-edge contributions by leading scholars in the field. Its overall focus is prognostic rather than futuristic, highlighting discernible trends, key developments and themes without downplaying the lessons from the past. By making the past meet the present in order to envision the future, the handbook offers a diversified outlook on the future of warfare, which will be indispensable for researchers, students and military practitioners alike. The volume is divided into six thematic sections. Section I draws out general trends in the phenomenon of war and sketches the most significant developments, from the past to the present and into the future. Section II looks at the areas and domains which actively shape the future of warfare. Section III engages with the main theories and conceptions of warfare, capturing those attributes of contemporary conflicts which will most likely persist and determine the dynamics and directions of their transformations. The fourth section addresses differentiation and complexity in the domain of warfare, pointing to those factors which will exert a strong impact on the structure and properties of that domain. Section V focuses on technology as the principal trigger of changes and alterations in the essence of warfare. The final section draws on the general trends identified in Section I and sheds light on how those trends have manifested in specific local contexts. This section zooms in on particular geographies which are seen and anticipated as hotbeds where future warfare will most likely assume its shape and reveal its true colours. This book will be of great interest to students of strategic studies, defence studies, war and technology, and International Relations.

Acest articol analizează Satelitul Laser Patroller (LPS) și capacitățile sale de îmbunătățire a securității și siguranței în explorarea spațială. Articolul este organizat pe cinci secțiuni. Secțiunea 1 prezintă contextul problemei crescânde a deșeurilor spațiale și necesitatea unor soluții eficiente. În Secțiunea 2, sunt discutate caracteristicile LPS, inclusiv senzorii săi avansați și capacitățile de urmărire. Secțiunea 3 dezvoltă capacitățile satelitului, cum ar fi monitorizarea și urmărirea deșeurilor spațiale, gestionarea traficului spațial, îndepărtarea deșeurilor, conștientizarea situației spațiale și explorarea spațială. Secțiunea 4 discută aplicațiile potențiale ale LPS în diverse domenii, precum diminuarea deșeurilor spațiale, securitatea spațială și guvernanța spațială. Secțiunea 5 examinează implicațiile LPS asupra relațiilor internaționale, inclusiv asupra politicii spațiale, diplomației și guvernanței. Articolul subliniază necesitatea unor cadre eficiente de guvernanță ...

Partnership in human resource development can not be separated from the role of aerospace science and technology actors through space education and mindedness. The partnership aims to reduce lag of technology in the industry, R & D and higher education. One of the strategic issues in human resources elements is low interest of young people to work in space sector. With reference to the concept of an ideal partnership R & D in the National Innovation System, then the question is how effective the role of actors in science and technology in growing interest of young generation amid human resource needs encouragement and regeneration. This study aimed to analyze that the effect of relationship variables of R & D, industry and higher education to the interest of the young generation in Indonesia space sector. The method of analysis used was Partial Least Square (PLS), by taking a sample of 139 respondents conducted in four universities with purposive sampling method and triple helix net...

I Dansk Vestindien fandt der i det 18. århundrede en kulturel forandrings­ proces sted, en såkaldt kreolisering, som var påvirket både af kulturmø­ det mellem afroog eurocaribiere og af samspillet mellem den koloniale styreform og den sociale opbygning af det koloniale samfund. De sociale relationer var en del af denne forandringsproces. Det eurocaribiske sociale hierarki byggede primært på økonomi, mens rang og stand spillede en mindre rolle. Alligevel udviklede den vestindiske overklasse en kultur, der på mange måder mindede om en adelskultur, men som i høj grad var præget af relationerne til de undergivne, de afrocaribiske slaver, og derfor må betragtes som særlig vestindisk.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine highlighted the importance of helicopters in modern military operations, showing strengths and weaknesses of these assets in high-intensity scenarios. The preliminary lessons from the war come at a time in which most leading Western powers need to modernise their respective helicopters fleets, which until recently had experienced only limited technological leaps from the 1970s. Today, while the US is heavily invested in the Future Vertical Lift programme, European countries have shown a more cautious approach. Nevertheless, relevant EU and NATO collaborative projects show that there is widespread interest in the future of military helicopters. Italy, which is a leading country in the helicopter sector, finds itself at a crossroad and will need to carefully ponder its strategic options, both considering industrial and operational aspects inherent in the adoption of new rotorcraft technologies.

Nigeria is a highly complex and ethnically diverse country, with over 400 ethnic groups. This diversity is played out in the way the country is bifurcated along the lines of religion, language, culture, ethnicity and regional identity. The population of about 178.5 million people in 2014 is made up of Christians and Muslims in equal measures of about 50 percent each, but including many who embrace traditional religions as well.The country has continued to experience serious and violent ethno-communal conflicts since independence in 1960, including the bloody and deadly thirty month fratricidal Civil War (also known as the Nigerian-Biafran war, 1967-70) when the eastern region of Biafra declared its secession and which claimed more than one million lives. The most prominent of these conflicts recently pitch Muslims against Christians in a dangerous convergence of religion, ethnicity and politics. The first and most dramatic eruption in a series of recent religious disturbances was th...

This discourse delves into the contemporary landscape of military education, encompassing multifaceted dimensions that shape the preparation of military personnel for the complexities of modern warfare and global security challenges. The publication underscores the pivotal role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in enhancing learning resources, training simulations, and communication capacities within military education. Furthermore, it emphasizes the cultivation of creativity and creative thinking as essential attributes for innovative problem-solving in the military domain. Social differentiation emerges as a crucial facet, necessitating adaptable educational systems that address diverse learning pathways and mitigate educational inequalities. Additionally, the discourse advocates for the promotion of intuitive thinking alongside analytical reasoning, fostering the development of holistic decision-making skills for military personnel. In summary, this conversation highlights the imperative of proactive adaptation and innovation in military education to meet the demands of contemporary security landscapes.