Second World War

This paper seeks to investigate the role played by memory in the Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen, BdV) professed attempts to enter into dialogue with Polish society. It also seeks to assess why on occasion mutual recrimination continues to tarnish the wider framework of German-Polish relations and explain the reasons for this phenomenon. The initial focus lies with explaining the continued importance of key, often disputed, elements of the historical encounter between Germans and Poles. To complement this analysis, the latter part of the article considers whether the BdV and its associated organizations have contributed to the wider process of German-Polish reconciliation, or whether the activities of the BdV act as a brake upon full resolution. The paper argues that although in recent years the BdV has attempted to make a positive contribution to German-Polish relations, its chances for success are constrained by its inability to move away from positions that are the...

Ruslands storstilede angreb på Ukraine i februar 2022 har knust den europæiske sikkerhedsorden. Hvordan kunne dette ske? Mens der er blevet skrevet meget om de umiddelbare årsager til krigen, især Putins imperiale tankegang og hans fundamentale fejlopfattelse af ukrainernes vilje og evne til at gøre modstand, sætter denne artikel konflikten ind i et bredere tidsmæssigt og analytisk perspektiv. Artiklen viser, at Rusland på den ene side og USA og dets allierede på den anden side fra begyndelsen af 1990’erne og fremefter, forfulgte konkurrerende politiske visioner i Europa. Den europæiske sikkerhedsarkitektur, der opstod efter den kolde krig, var derfor dømt til at mislykkes før eller siden. Set i bakspejlet er det overraskende, at det tog tre årtier, før det skete.

"L'Arma nella Resistenza. Carabinieri per la Patria 1943 - 1945"
Museo Storico dell'Arma dei Carabinieri - Roma
20 settembre - 3 dicembre 2023

La mostra ruota intorno a tre concetti: la memoria, la resistenza e la continuità. E' articolata in un pannello introduttivo e sei distinte sezioni dedicate ad azioni ed eventi che hanno caratterizzato la partecipazione dell’Arma alla lotta di Resistenza e per la Liberazione Nazionale. E', inoltre, arricchita da tre docuvideo storici e un video dedicato a Salvo d'Acquisto.
Curatore scientifico: Beatrice Benocci
Progettazione e realizzazione: Pierrestampa
La mostra potrà essere visitata, gratuitamente e senza prenotazione, fino al 03 dicembre 2023, dal martedì alla domenica dalle 09:00 alle 13:00.

video di presentazione: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=689336999431058

This article illustrates preliminary results of the interdisciplinary research project 'Science for society, society for science at the Site of National Remembrance in Łambinowice'. It presents the material traces of prisonerof-war, resettlement and forced labour camps that functioned between 1870 and 1946 in Lamsdorf (now Łambinowice, Poland) and explains their modern social significance.

On 22 June 1941 the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People began.  During the first months of the war, some large units of the Red Army appeared in the blockade by German troops. As a result of which hundreds of thousand soldiers were killed or were taken prisoners of war.
In June 1942, in Poland the Antifascist Illegal Patriotic Organisation was formed by the soviet prisoners of war in the Benyaminovo camp. The liders of Organisation were Armenian prisoners of war. In summer 1944 the members of this Organisation arranged the escape of fighters of «Armenian Legion», located in the city of Mende, France and granted asylum with French partisan.
In August 22, 1944 by the command of the French Resistance Movement, the First Soviet Partisan Regiment was formed. It took part in the liberation of the hundreds settlements in Lozere and Gard departments of France.
In May 1, 1945 the Government of France rewarded the First Soviet Partisan Regiment with Colour and Order of Military Cross.

After finding objects from French Flak guns at a World War 2 anti-aircraft (Flak) site in Arnhem (the Netherlands), a small (private) archaeological investigation was started. This deviant type of weapon was used as Beutewaffen by the German Wehrmacht. With the help of experts, I wrote this article on the 7.5 cm Flak M 36 (f) gun in use in the Netherlands, around Arnhem and Deelen airfield, during operation Market Garden and other periods, focussing on the finds done in the Arnhem site. This document simply serves as the documentation of these finds, so the archaeological relevance and historical context of them can be understood.

The French position during the Second World War was varied. Although after the Germans invaded Poland, France was allied with Great Britain against Germany, after the Germans invaded France in 1940, there were rumors of mysterious missing film footage of the German parade in Paris showing French people applauding the invading army.

A couple in exile : Jean-Richard and Marguerite Bloch in Soviet Union (1941-1945).

The militant couple of Jean-Richard and Madeleine Bloch doesn't seem different from other cases: he is an intellectual and journalist, first inclined to communism, then formal member of the French communist Party in the 1930s. She follows her husband in his political commitment, and offers and care of familial life. War and exile from 1941 to 1945 modifies this configuration, and role repartition between Jean-Richard and Marguerite. Following their exile, this article shows the effect of this peculiar predicament on the couple and its political activities.


Un couple en exil: Jean-Richard et Marguerite Bloch en URSS (1941-1945)
À première vue, le couple militant formé par Jean-Richard et Marguerite Bloch ne semble guère se distinguer d'autres cas convenus: lui est un intellectuel proche, puis adhérent du Parti communiste dans les années 1930; elle le suit dans ses engagements, lui offre le support nécessaire et se charge de la vie familiale. La guerre et surtout l'exil en URSS, à partir de 1941, bouleversent cet équilibre en modifiant la répartition des rôles. En suivant les pérégrinations des Bloch, cet article montre ce que l'exil fait au militantisme vécu en couple.

MAZUY Rachel, « Un couple en exil : Jean-Richard et Marguerite Bloch (avril 1941-janvier 1945) », Cahiers Jaurès, 2023/1-2 (N° 247-248), p. 147-173.
DOI : 10.3917/cj.247.0147.
URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-jaures-2023-1-page-147.htm

W artykule poruszono problem organizacji szkolenia kawalerzysty Wojska Polskiego w czasach Księstwa Warszawskiego. Zasadnicze było podjęcie próby zweryfikowania, jak przy braku centralnego regulaminu dowódcy pułków radzili sobie z organizacją szkolenia oraz manewrów w podległych im oddziałach. W tym celu poddano analizie rozkazy dowódcy 9. pułku ułanów — płk. Feliksa Przyszychowskiego. Zostały one zapisane w księdze pułkowej z lat 1809—1811. Można w nich dostrzec wpływ wysyłanych do oddziału instrukcji generalnego inspektora jazdy gen. Aleksandra Rożnieckiego. W dyspozycjach pułkownika odnajdujemy wiele cennych uwag dotyczących organizacji musztry ułanów — stosowanego systemu trójkowego, ćwiczeń lancą, flankierowania, manewrów kompanii i szwadronów, szkoły pieszej i konnej żołnierza, przygotowań do lustracji pułku przez generalnego inspektora jazdy czy też porad dla oficerów na temat prowadzenia „małej wojny”.

In his article, Dawid Madziar describes the organization of cavalry training in the Duchy of Warsaw in the years 1809—1811. It shows how, in the absence of central regulations, regimental commanders coped with the organization of training and drills. The material studied by Madziar consists of the orders issued by the commander of the 9th lancer regiment, Colonel Feliks Przyszychowski. They illustrate the influence of the instructions sent to the detachment by the General Inspector of Riding, General Aleksander Rożniecki. The colonel’s dispatches contain several valuable remarks concerning the organization of the uhlan drill, the applied triangular system, lance exercises, flanking, company and squadron maneuvers, the soldier’s school on foot and on horseback, preparations for the regiment’s vetting by the general riding inspector or advice for officers on how to conduct a “small war”.

Ab ovo usque ad mala - from eggs to apples. We know this metaphorical summary of ancient Roman feasts from Horace's satire,1 where the appetizer was the egg, and the final course was the fruit bowl – the apples  in Horace’s Latin satire. Classical literature is rich in references to feasts, which were not just about food. At Roman feasts, destinies were decided over ornate platters. The beauty and richness of life were heaped on the platters in delicious dishes, which had their own order - just as there is an order, sequence, and flow to human life.
Ab ovo usque ad mala - these two endpoints also symbolise our life. Birth is represented in many cultures by the egg, the beginning and symbol of life, and we finally fall as ripe fruit from the tree of life. Nevertheless, between these two endpoints, we are constantly on the move. In the process of our destiny, our goals can be considered intermediate stages, whether our goal is to embrace the lessons of the past or to pass on life to  plant seeds for the future. The ultimate goal of our lives can be  metaphysical rather than physical.
The history of mankind as a whole can also be seen as a feast without a definite beginning, whose appetizer or conclusion we cannot define. At this feast, life serves up at least as many bitter bites as it does many pleasures. One such bitter bite was the COVID-19-epidemic, which came as a shock to us, even though humanity has seen many devastating epidemics throughout history – as well as famine, war, and many other calamities over the millennia.
Still, history is a feast where the intermediate courses can be prepared not only by the host but also by the guests. Humanity's responses to epidemics have been vaccinations and medicines, to war the development of military and civilian technology, to famines agricultural technology and more efficient food production. Destinies and processes were entwined and shaped from the beginning of human history to the present day.
The ’Destinies and Processes’ Digital Conference2 and the resulting book were a response to the plague. The COVID-19-induced closures stimulated technological advances, reshaped workflows, made us aware of our vulnerabilities, and encouraged us to look for new solutions. The spread of the contagion demanded caution, making it impossible to meet in person – which could not be replaced by the virtual world. However, online conferences made intellectual encounters possible, and for young scientists and scientist designates, it became even more crucial than before. With the Destinies and Processes Digital Conference, the Historical Knowledge and Memorial Foundation (formerly known as the Society for Dissemination Historical Knowledge) has made these virtual meetings and lectures possible, thanks to the work of the main organiser, Krisztina Dóra Fodor. Now, this volume offers a selection of the intellectual fruits of the conference, with further studies for dessert available to all.
Ab ovo usque ad mala - the studies and reviews are special treats for the reader. We publish this volume in the hope that the intellectual delicacies served up by young scientists and scientist-designates will prove nourishing, and inspire further historical feasts for all of us who take a seat at the table of spirit with this volume in hand.
- The Editors

Wurde das Denken 1945 befreit? Kontinuitäten und Zerrbilder der Philosophie in Deutschland. Der Blogbeitrag fragt, ob die Philosophie in Deutschland 1945 befreit oder besiegt wurde, und ob sie heute von Tätern abstammt. Angesichts der Kriegsbemühungen der universitären Philosophie und Philosophen muss man sagen, dass sie besiegt wurde. Aufgrund deren fortwirken nach 1945 stammt sie auch heute noch in Teilen von Tätern ab.

https://philosophie-indebate.de/wurde-das-denken-1945-befreit-kontinuitaeten-und-zerrbilder-der-philosophie-in-deutschland/

Amikor 2021-ben a Főváros Önkormányzata szakmai és civil szereplők bevonásával pályázatot hirdetett a háborúban megerőszakolt nők emlékművének megtervezésére és majdani megvalósítására, még nem tudhattuk, hogy ez ma Európában mennyire aktuális lesz. A pályázat egy komplex, az Elhallgatva című projektbe ágyazódik, melynek célja – egy emlékhely megalkotásán és a pályázat alapos előkészítésén keresztül – az emlékezetpolitikai konszenzus és a nők elleni háborús erőszak társadalmi megítélésének alakítása volt. A projekt honlapja kutatási felületet kínál, olvashatók rajta a témával kapcsolatos tanulmányok, interjúk a pályázat megvalósulásáról, láthatók a győztes pályaművek makettjei. Megjelent tanulmánykötet, a harminchat beérkezett pályaműből a zsűri által kiválasztott munkákból több kiállítást is rendeztek. Jól látható tehát az egész projekt, reflexiói azonban gyérek. Dolgozatomban ismertetem a pályázatot, a műveket, az emlékmű, illetve specifikusan az „erőszak emlékműve” által felvetet...

Los adsorbentes han sido utilizados ampliamente para prevenir las micotoxicosis y la transferencia de toxinas o sus metabolitos dentro de la cadena alimentaria. Particularmente, se unen a las aflatoxinas dentro del tracto gastrointestinal de los rumiantes, disminuyendo su biodisponibilidad y la transferencia de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) a la leche. El presente estudio se desarrolló para evaluar dos métodos de exposición a aflatoxina B1 en vacas Holstein y monitorear la transferencia AFM1 a la leche. Adicionalmente, se analizó el potencial de tres adsorbentes de aflatoxinas en ambos experimentos. Los resultados mostraron una tasa de trasferencia de AFB1 a AFM1/día de 3.35 y 1.8 % en los dos experimentos espectivamente. La transferencia estimada de AFM1 en la leche observada en el segundo método fue cercana a las obtenidas de vacas alimentadas con alimentos naturalmente contaminados con aflatoxinas. A diferencia de los glucomananos de paredes celulares de levaduras, ambos adsorbentes de al...

This article discusses the circles of forgetting of the memory of Anikó (Hannah) Szenes (1921–1944) in Hungary, from the end of World War II through the illiberal turn in memory politics that began in the 2010s. This process of forgetting resulted in a canonized history of her life, highlighting different elements of her story in different periods while omitting other parts and condemning her to oblivion in postwar Hungary, her native land, where she spent 19 of her 23 years. These different memory circles are bound up with much-debated elements of twentieth-century Hungarian, European and Israeli history that intersect precisely in the narration of Szenes's tragically short life story. As a leftist, a Jew, a woman, a left-wing Zionist and a writer, Szenes was too much and too complex to digest for the traumatized postwar history of Hungarian Jewry, which rests on silencing and forgetting. I first present the methodological problems of gendered memory and then map the intersecting circles of forgetting of Szenes's life. I conclude by analyzing the memorial events in Hungary around the 100th anniversary of Szenes's birth in 2021 as an example of illiberal memory politics.

This thesis aims to develop archaeological understandings of mining communities and sites in three (sub-)Arctic regions in Norway (Sør-Varanger), Canada (western Labrador), and Russia (Kola Peninsula), all of which underwent rapid industrial colonisation during the twentieth century. Today the regions continue as resource peripheries despite economic, social, and political changes that made the construction of single industrial settlements no longer tenable. As such, these regions are “vestiges” of a previous industrial age – objects of the past that make up and influence the present that also contain potentials to be remobilized and serve new purposes.
The thesis addresses four basic questions:
Q1: To what extent did material legacies emerging from a period of significant government interest and investment in the regions survive into the present and how do they continue to persist in a time where investment into social services has declined and industrial labour has become more flexible?
Q2: What tensions arise when things from this prosperous past find new purposes in the present or remain recalcitrantly redundant?
Q3: What does the urge to give things from the past “usefulness” tell us about the temporal and geographical boundaries of the resource extraction industry in the (sub-)Arctic?
Q4: How does one do an archaeology of non-abandoned sites?
The thesis addresses these questions from a new materialist perspective and a multi-sited methodological approach that combined fieldwalking, photographic documentation, archival research, and select interviews. Through articles and the discussions in this introductory text, it advances knowledge in three areas that have been called “Pasts in the Present”, “The Working Fine and the Broken”, and “An Archaeology of Non-Abandonment” to develop understandings of how one can archaeologically engage with ongoing industrial regions in the present. Specifically, it highlights how everyone is physically and materially entangled in the past, how heritage discourses should move away from dichotomies between things that are working fine and things that are broken, and how archaeology and heritage should abandon the notion of “abandonment” as a useful heuristic concept to make room for alternative understandings of how the present grows out from the foundations of the past.

Abstract: Less than half of Indonesian mothers follow the World Health Organization recommendation to provide exclusive breastfeeding practice. Exclusive breastfeeding is associated with reducing an infant’s risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Little is known about factors related to exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia. This study examined the factors that predict exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia by applying secondary analysis of data from the Indonesian Demographic Health Survey 2012, after relevant permission was given. The participants were women aged 15-49 years old, and the survey was implemented using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The sample of 1508 respondents was comprised of women who gave birth over the previous two years, were currently breastfeeding, and their baby was aged 0-5 months and living with mother. The IDHS survey provided three kinds of questionnaires: one for households, one for men, and one for women. The women’s questionnaire inc...

This chapter argues that public history is an effective and crucial tool to reconcile conflicts about history. Public History transmits the results of academic historical research to the general public. Here, three media of public history are surveyed: books, films and TV movies, and museums. In East Asia, there is so far no common history textbook as compared to Europe, but there are exchanges of knowledge and common historical publications between Japan, China and Korea. As for films, there are no equivalents of The French village either in China or in Korea. In their films, Japanese soldiers usually are portrayed as villains. Such antagonistic tendencies are emphasised also through the nationalisms of museums in all three countries. As a solution to the observed problems, the author suggests a common museum for the history of East Asia. Why include public history in a volume about history teaching and peacebuilding? Because I believe public history is the best tool for assisting the reconciliation of historical conflicts. In other words, it is the best tool for counteracting historical revisionism. The Franco-German history textbook Histoire/Geschichte (three volumes: 2006; 2008; 2011) is a quintessential product of public history. While dialogues on a reciprocal improvement of textbooks by France and Germany in

In his study Fratture d’Italia John Foot argues that contemporary Italian history has been marked by a tendency towards divided memory.

Events have been interpreted in contrasting ways, and the facts themselves often contested. Moreover, with so little agreement over what happened, and why it happened, it has been extremely difficult to create any consensus around memory. This work delves into Italy’s past, looking at stories of divided memory over various periods in the twentieth century, and points the way toward a fresh understanding of Italian history.

The relationship between Judgment 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court and EU law is, at first glance, apparently weak, as the subject matter of the former is not governed by the latter, nor there have been any judgments from EU courts regarding the case. However, if one considers the origin and purpose of the EU itself and the state of relations between Italy and Germany, one cannot help but examine the case from a European law perspective. Judgment 238/2014 is relevant to European law in several ways, all of which concern not only military cooperation in the EU but also the protection of human rights, the risk of forum shopping and, above all, how reliable member states are in their mutual relations. European law in turn is relevant to the present case not so much because it offers solutions but because it shows a method for settling clashes between legal systems and illustrates its inherent difficulties. Sentenza 238/2014 is an unpersuasive judgment and can be criticized ...

With Neville Chamberlain’s declaration of war on Germany in 1939, thousands in the British Empire had become ‘enemy aliens’ by dint of their nationality, ethnicity, or citizenship — anything that could link them to the Axis Powers, notwithstanding their own political convictions. The British response to this considerable volume of people with transnational connections was to arrest, categorize, disperse, and intern them in camps across the empire. A significant proportion of Germans traveling to or residing in India faced visa refusals or internment, respectively. Many lost their livelihoods, and the camps, which accommodated both Nazis and Jews, emerged as spaces rife with contestation and political misattribution. As the conflict in Europe escalated, internment in the colony became increasingly indiscriminate: women and children were no longer exempted. Camp-experiences, consequently, became fractured along the axes of race, class, age, and gender. The purpose of this paper is to eavesdrop on a letter — only an extract of which survives in the colonial surveillance archive — written by Hanna Wolff from the Hazaribagh parole camp to her husband Otto Wolff in the Dehradun internment camp, to foreground what Ranajit Guha has called ‘the [small] voice of defiant subalternity.’ Otto, who had initially declared himself to be devoid of Nazi affiliations before the camp authorities, later identified both himself and his wife as committed Nazis — without bothering to consult her. Hanna, taking great offence to this unilateral act of political confession, sent a scathing and sardonic letter to her husband. I would argue that latent in the anger and sarcasm that laced this passionate response was an intimate critique of both Nazi machismo and political opportunism. This paper will contend that this letter-fragment bears testimony to the remarkable attempt by a woman to reserve political agency for herself in public — she certainly knew that its contents will not remain undisclosed to the camp censors — informed by her personal experiences and observations in captivity during a worldwide conflict.

U ovom tekstu autor analizira metodološke koncepte koji su tijekom desetljeća bili korišteni u pisanju povijesti Drugog svjetskog rata u Bosni i Hercegovini te kako bi valjalo pisati danas. Umjesto da se lakune u znanjima koje su skrupulozni istraživači s demokratizacijom i liberalizacijom nakon 1990. godine mogli popuniti, pritisak politike i rat snažno su pridonijeli novim mistifikacijama i mitologizacijama. Štoviše, neke već utvrđene činjenice dovedene su u sumnju ili su čak u dijelu javnosti posve odbačene. Međutim, usprkos manjku istraživača, nepostojanju volje dijela istraživača da istražuju “nezgodne” činjenice i procese iz Drugog svjetskog rata, u znanjima o tom razdoblju bosanskohercegovačke povijesti u posljednjim desetljećima napravljeni su neki, čak i značajni pomaci nabolje. A i neki relativno novi tekstovi daju osnove za optimizam

Od dżumy do Eboli. Sposób przedstawienia wybranych chorób zaraźliwych w przykładowych tekstach literatury popularnej [From the plague to Ebola: The presentation of selected contagious diseases in popular literature texts] by Edyta Izabela Rudolf is a pioneering achievement in the Polish research field, opening scientific discourse on the image of an epidemic in popular literature. Published on the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic, the monograph also provides tools for the study of the newly created pandemic literature. Taking into account the complexity of the research material, which lies on the borderline between the humanities, the social, and biological sciences, the author has quite rightly decided to include her study in the field of medical humanities. The chronological distribution of the extensive research material allowed for taking into consideration the broad historical and social context which influenced the shape of works created in subsequent eras. Minor inaccuracies incl...