Roman Army

Położone w Grecji Termopile stanowiły szczególny twór ukształtowany przez Naturę, który w dziejach wojen epoki antyku odegrał istotną i z niczym nieporównywalną rolę. Stanowiły one swoiste „ucho igielne” utrudniające wszelkiego rodzaju najeźdźcom przedostanie się do Grecji środkowej i południowej, tj. tam, gdzie znajdowały się jej najważniejsze pod względem politycznym i ekonomicznym centra. Przesądziło o tym ich ukształtowanie, w postaci wąskiego pasażu między stromymi górami Kallidromos a brzegiem morza, czy dokładniej Zatoki Malijskiej. Geomorfologiczne badania uczonych greckich wspomnianą sytuację jeszcze bardziej uszczegółowiły, udowodniając, że obok stromych gór znajdowało się rozległe bagnisko utworzone przez bijące powyżej ciepłe źródła siarkowe. Zatem wymienione bagno przesądziło o tym, że przejście przez Termopile było jeszcze węższe, w przybliżeniu około kilkudziesięciometrowe (ryc. 2). Rzeczone miejsce jest rezultatem rekonstrukcji, sytuacja obecna (ryc. 1), w niczym nie...

In the wall paintings of the Roman period, architectural elements performed as a stonemason's work, stucco decoration, marbling or incrustation, as well as whole spatial-architectural entities were often imitated. This paper deals with architectural elements presented in the wall paintings of Sirmium, the centre of the Roman province of Pannonia, a colony and an imperial residence, whose remains are situated in the present-day Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia. It was founded in the second half of the 1st century BC and lasted until the Avarian attacks at the end of the 6th century AD.

55 1 ÚVOD Oblastí našeho dlouhodobého výzkumu je střední tok Svratky. Výzkum je zaměřen především na postižení etap geomorfologického vývoje údolí středního toku řeky Svratky za pomoci zejména inventarizace říčních teras (jejich výšek a petrografického složení), vyhodnocování geologických vrtů v oblasti, užití některých geofyzikálních metod apod. Údolí Svratky mezi Brnem a Veverskou Bítýškou je z geomorfologického hlediska poměrně zajímavé – zejména proto, že se jedná o výrazně vertikálně rozčleněný reliéf, na svazích se vyskytují pozůstatky říčních teras, linie toku vykazuje určité známky tektonického ovlivnění a okolní svahy vykazují známky různého stáří vývoje. Oblast údolí řeky Svratky nebyla v minulosti podrobena tak intenzivnímu zkoumání jako její soused, a to údolí řeky Svitavy. Výzkumné práce týkající se geomorfologie údolí střední Svratky (konkrétně údolí mezi Brnem a Veverskou Bítýškou) nicméně existují. Intenzivně se výzkumu údolí Svratky v tomto úseku věnoval např. ZAPLE...

A votive limestone statuette of Jupiter tronans found in an archaeological context dated in the 4 th-5 th centuries AD, constitutes the topic of our short article. It's about a garbage pit belonging the bearers of the Sântana de Mureș-Cerneahov culture. Same statues were spread in Upper Dacia, especially in the conurbation of Apulum, were have functioned several sculptural workshops. The statuette of Jupiter tronans, same like the other statues of this iconographical type, has the sculptural models in Classical Greek and Hellenistic statuary, or Late Republic, like the chryselephantine statue of Zeus from Olympia made by Phidias, in the 5th century BC, or the statue of Zeus Verospi from the 4 th century BC, preserved in Pio-Clementino Museum, in Vatican, and the Late Republic statue placed in the restored Capitoline in 69 BC.

Neue Informationen zu einem altbekannten römischen Soldatengrabstein mit Inschrift aus der Bauphase des Bingerbrücker Bahnhofs (um 1860). Kombination der erhaltenen Reste (Inschrift und Oberteil des Grabsteins) mit dem fehlenden, nur in einer Zeichnung erhaltenen zentralen Bildfeld.

Das vorliegende Buch ist Begleitband und Ausstellungsführer zu einer interdisziplinären Lehrveranstaltung, die im Sommersemester 2022 an der Universität Trier mit den beteiligten Fächern Klassische Archäologie, der Alten Geschichte und der Papyrologie durchgeführt worden ist. Schwerpunkte waren die dedizierten Sammlungen der Universität Trier, die im täglichen Studienverlauf den Studierenden immer wieder neue Einblicke in Quellenmaterial, historische Fragen und generelle Hinterlassenschaft eröffnen. Darunter fallen in Trier aufbewahrte Papyri, Münzen und Kleinobjekte aus Kult, Religion und Tagesgeschäft. Die universitäre Vorbereitung der im Jahr 2023 beginnenden Ausstellung wurde durch Präsenz- und Online-Sitzungen bewältigt und ermöglichte den Studierenden erste Einblicke in Konzeption und Durchführung einer Ausstellung, Erfahrung im Verfassen von zur Publikation vorgesehenen Beiträgen sowie der schließlich in der Publikation mündeten Einblicke ins Tagesgeschäft des eingebundenen Verlags.

Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie przywileju nadanego żołnierzom armii rzymskiej przez cesarza Hadriana w odniesieniu do prawa dziedziczenia przez ich dzieci pochodzące ze związ­ków pozamałżeńskich. Począwszy od I w. n.e., żołnierze służący w legionach nie mogli zawrzeć ważnego małżeństwa. Wprowadzenie takiego uregulowania tłumaczy się najczęściej troską o utrzymanie disciplina militaris. W konsekwencji związki żołnierzy posiadających obywatel­stwo rzymskie z obywatelkami rzymskimi lub peregrynkami nie rodziły żadnych skutków praw­nych, nawet mimo potencjalnego istnienia conubium pomiędzy partnerami. Dzieci pochodzące z takich związków (liberi illegitimi) nie wchodziły pod władzę swoich ojców ani nie nabywały praw spadkowych w jego rodzinie. Żołnierz mógł jedynie powołać do dziedziczenia pozamał­żeńskie dziecko, mające status prawny Latyna lub peregryna, sporządzając testament żołnierski (testamentum militis). W liście wydanym w 119 r. n.e. cesarz Hadrian usunął tę niedogodność, ...

La présente communication se propose d'étudier la génération post-syllanienne au travers des carrières militaires. Au moment où l'historiographie ne retient de cette période que les carrières extraordinaires, nous nous proposons d'analyser ce que sont devenus les officiers de l'époque syllanienne impliqués dans la guerre civile ainsi que leurs solidarités dans l'armée. Afin d'analyser ces solidarités, nous nous proposons de regarder les consilia. L'objectif de la communication est de voir s'il existe une persistance d'un réseau syllanien ou si les personnes ayant participé aux guerres civiles ont poursuivi militairement des carrières classiques au sein du reste de l'aristocratie.

The Romain paths or roads offer a very interesting archaeological material, because they allow us to understand the history of human settlement and are also factors that increase territorial identity. Roman roads are one of the hallmarks of the Roman empire, which extends to North Africa. The objective of this investigation is to attract the attention of researchers of the importance of Roman roads and paths, which are found in Algeria, according to the quality of the materials and techniques used in this period our history, and to encourage other decision makers to protect and enhance these routes because the current urbanization, intensive agricultural practices, or simply forgotten, decreases the sustainability of this important historical heritage.

In: P. van de Geer, Nieuwe kennis uit een onbekende hoek: kortstondige bewoning in noordoostelijk Ulpia Noviomagus. Een opgraving in het Waalkwartier (Waalfront), gemeente Nijmegen, Nijmegen (Archeologische Berichten Nijmegen – Rapport 112), 71-101.

Report on the ceramic analysis of Roman pottery found in 2nd century contexts in the north-eastern quarter of Ulpia Noviomagus, the Roman town in Nijmegen-West. The analyses of the samian ware have been carried by Ester van der Linden (decorations) and Katja Zee (stamps), which contribute to the wider understanding of the chronology of the Roman occupation of the town.

This article is an archaeo-musicological study of the trumpets (ḥaṣoṣrot, metal wind instruments) and shofarot (animal horns) in the War Scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls of Qumran. The study of ancient Jewish music is largely uncharted territory. Many musical terms that appear in the Bible, Second Temple writings, and rabbinic literature, including the names of musical instruments, are not fully understood and there are many questions about their interpretation. For this reason, the War Scroll is one of the most important sources for archaeo-musicological scholarship of the ancient world generally, and of the Second Temple period in particular. This is not only because of the extensive description of the use of trumpets and shofarot in warfare that is found in the scroll, but especially because this rare and rich description is unmatched in any ancient work, Jewish, Hellenistic, or Roman. This uniquely extensive description includes a detailed itemization of the stages when the priests use different types of trumpets to direct the fighting forces, and describes the sounding of the shofarot by the Levites and the people as a means of instilling fear in the enemy. In addition, the scroll lists the types of sounds generated by trumpets and shofarot in battle, using technical and musical terms whose meaning is not always clear.

In this article, I re-examine the interpretations that previous scholars have suggested for the terms describing the sounds made by the trumpets and shofarot in the War Scroll, and, in some cases, I offer new interpretations. I also examine how trumpets and shofarot were used in specific stages of the eschatological war depicted in the scroll and suggest a number of ways to understand the military uses and purpose of the incorporation of these instruments. In addition to contributing to the understanding of the musical terms that appear in the War Scroll, my research opens a window to the rich musical language used by the Dead Sea sect and perhaps also by other groups in the Second Temple era.

This study aims to present a part of the already evaluated Late Roman glazed pottery record from Aquincum
and, thus, provide a typological classification based on our current knowledge. It is important to note that the
present study does not include the complete – mostly fragmentary – ceramic record, comprising thousands of
objects, but focuses only on eighty artefacts representing traditional types. The current evaluation concerns vessel
types used on a daily basis: containers (jugs, pitchers, and bottles), serving (bowls) and drinking vessels (mugs,
cups, drinking cups), mortaria, and simple lamp variants. In addition to presenting the finds, the study provides
a brief general survey of glazed pottery and other Late Roman ceramic vessel types with lead glazing.

Nota divulgativa acerca do interesse histórico de uma epígrafe incompleta proveniente da cidade de Pax Iulia: IRCP 235
Trata-se da homenagem de um liberto ao seu patrono, cujo nome se desconhece e que foi, mui provavelmente, prefeito duma coorte.
O vocábulo ‘afeleação’ – que significa ‘preocupação’, ‘mal-estar’… – pretende chamar a atenção para o facto de apenas se conhecer metade do texto desta epígrafe, cujas informações, se estivesse completa, seriam, à partida, de mui grande alcance para a história romana da cidade.

This article aims to characterize the Roman geography of the imperial era through the application of Digital Humanities and Spatial Humanities approaches and techniques. Works of five authors are analyzed: Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela, Dionysius of Alexandria, and Flavius Arrian. For each one a selection of tools are employed: annotation was performed using Recogito, text analysis was carried out with the aid of Voyant Tools,and finally spatial analysis was performed in ArcGIS Pro, a tool within which a cartographic reconstruction was also created. All of the above allows us to reinforce and offer a better understanding of Rome's territoriality. It also adds value to the use of Digital Humanities tools in the study of the History of Ancient Geography.

Il presente lavoro si è focalizzato sugli indicatori materiali dei cicli di produzione agricola di età bassomedievale in Italia centro-settentrionale al fine di ottenere una prima sintesi dei dati archeologici ad ora editi. Quanto raccolto ha reso possibile una prima lettura delle fonti archeologiche alla luce delle più recenti ricostruzioni storiche, permettendo non solo di tracciare un primo bilancio ma anche di individuare ulteriori prospettive e nuovi percorsi di indagine.   This paper is meant to establish a first resuming step about the current state of art concerning some among the material markers referring to the scope of such agrarian management features during the later Middle Ages as agricultural tools, bread ovens and wine pressing devices. After a presentation of the examined artifacts made according both to agronomic and ethnographic sources, a classification has been provided with up-to-date confrontations through scientific literature exempla. The amount of collecte...

U radu se obrađuje 659 tegula s pečatom iz Antičke zbirke Arheološkoga muzeja Zadar. Unatoč velikom broju tegula za koje nemamo podatke o mjestu nalaza, pouzdano znamo da su tegule pronađene u Zadru ili njegovoj okolici. Izdvojena su 42 različita radionička pečata. Analiza je pokazala da je najveći broj uvezen iz sjevernojadranskih radionica, čak 80,25%, a prevladavaju pečati carske radionice Pansiana. Među tegulama lokalne proizvodnje dominiraju vojni pečati, najviše oni XI. legije Claudia pia fidelis. Podatci koji se donose u radu samo potvrđuju već dosta dobro dokumentirane trgovačke veze između sjevernojadranskoga prostora i provincije Dalmacije.

We now have four vessels inscribed with the names of a selection of Roman forts in the western part of Hadrian's Wall, and others with a castellated design. The suggestion has been that these were souvenirs celebrating the splendid new edifice initiated by the emperor himself. I question this interpretation and believe that the wall was initially a grim and characterless edifice unlikely to be celebrated by serving troops (for which I offer a number of modern parallels). An alternative explanation is offered for who would have received such vessels, and how the items came to be deposited where they were discovered by archaeology.

Im Bellum Iudaicum des Flavius Josephus geht es sehr häufig um Schuldzuweisungen und Niederlagenerklärungen bzw. Deutungen und Umdeutungen von Scheitern: Das eigene Versagen des Josephus als Feldherr der Juden in Galiläa, das Scheitern des syrischen Statthalters Cestius Gallus und dessen Niederlage bei Beth Horon, das ‚Versagen‘ (?) des Titus als Kommandeur beim Brand des Tempels. Josephus nimmt durchaus verschiedene Perspektiven ein, die es genauer zu betrachten gilt. Was war die Absicht hinter seinen Deutungen, Umdeutungen, bei eventuellem Verschweigen und Verdrängen? Wer war jeweils sein Publikum? Wie kann man insbesondere die Darstellung des Titus verstehen? Mit Bezug auf die Zerstörung des Tempels von Jerusalem, schließlich religiöses wie politisches Symbol jüdischer Integrität und Identität, ist die Darstellung des Feldherrn jedenfalls objektiv vernichtend – er verliert die Kontrolle über die Truppen. Josephus findet die Lösung zur Entlastung des Titus, aber auf Kosten seines Renommees als Feldherr!

I Dansk Vestindien fandt der i det 18. århundrede en kulturel forandrings­ proces sted, en såkaldt kreolisering, som var påvirket både af kulturmø­ det mellem afroog eurocaribiere og af samspillet mellem den koloniale styreform og den sociale opbygning af det koloniale samfund. De sociale relationer var en del af denne forandringsproces. Det eurocaribiske sociale hierarki byggede primært på økonomi, mens rang og stand spillede en mindre rolle. Alligevel udviklede den vestindiske overklasse en kultur, der på mange måder mindede om en adelskultur, men som i høj grad var præget af relationerne til de undergivne, de afrocaribiske slaver, og derfor må betragtes som særlig vestindisk.

L'histoire d'Ortaias, chef du Hodna* au VIe siècle, a longtemps été obscurcie par son identification avec le Vartaia dédicant de l'épitaphe de Masties*, identification qui posait bien inutilement des problèmes historiques considérables et amenait à des hypothèses et à des conclusions fort variées  En réalité, il faut distinguer les deux personnages.
Dès lors, on peut mieux cerner Ortaias, situer son royaume dans le Hodna, retracer son histoire et comprendre sa disparition.

The hoard is in the collection of Mr. Yüksel Erimtan who is a private collector of ancient cultural objects registered at the Anatolian Civifizations Museum in Ankara. The hoard which consists of 246 silver Roman coins was purchased in 1993 and registered in the inventory book. The 243 of 246 coins are denarii and three of them are antoninianii (see catalogue no. 239, 242, and 244). Those three antoninianii belong to Elagabalus, the last emperor represented in the treasure.

How did the Roman Empire supply and maintain its frontier garrisons? What was the impact on populations and landscapes of conquered territories? The Feeding the Roman Army in Britain project will answer these questions by establishing how soldiers were provisioned and how frontiers operated as economic as well as militarised zones.

Starting from the analytical concept of patterns that are arguably a nec- essary heuristic step to take before concluding on ethnographic topoi, the article aims to show that for the Seres appearing in Greek and Latin sources such patterns are existing and can help us to understand how ethnographic topoi and narratives could evolve on them. Regarding the Seres, the silk and the oikumenē-ruled-by-Au- gustus pattern, the latter arguably itself becoming a topos over time, formed the starting point for later detailed narratives about this distant and actually not very well-known people. Yet, this could only appear in the discourse-context of Rome’s expansion to the East and several commanders’ and eventually Augustus’ claim to control the oikumenē and to be the point of reference for all, within or outside the Imperium Romanum.
Keywords: Augustus – Imperium Romanum – oikumenē – patterns – Seres

Seit geraumer Zeit haben das Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und die Referate für Denkmalpflege der vier Regierungspräsidien Baden-Württembergs es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, dem Besucher kulturhistorisch wertvolle Geländedenkmale durch Beschilderungen zu erläutern. Ein neues Layout, entworfen von der Deutschen Limeskommission, trägt dieser Aufgabe bundeslandübergreifend Rechnung, und zwar entlang des Limes, des längsten und bekanntesten Denkmals Deutschlands.

En aquest article presentem les darreres novetats del projecte de recerca al castellum de Puig Castellar de Biosca, un enclavament de caràcter militar que es pot datar entre el 180 aC i el 120 aC, situat a la rereguarda dels esdeveniments bèl·lics que tenien com a escenari principal la vall de l’Ebre. En el present treball volem posar el focus en els aspectes que fins ara no havíem tractat: els espais d’allotjament de la tropa destinada en aquesta fortificació. En les darreres campanyes, hem pogut excavar aquests espais, que ens han proporcionat un interessant model de com podien ser aquestes construccions en assentaments militars estables però de dimensions modestes, i que suposen un contrapunt als models coneguts de grans campaments estables d’aquest període.

Roma İmparatorluğu genelinde M.S. I. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren görülmeye başlanan beneficiarius consularis rütbesine özellikle Antoninus’lar sülalesiyle birlikte M.S. II. yüzyılın sonuna doğru sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Çeşitli askerî birliklerden seçilerek Roma valilerinin emrine atanan bu askerler birbirinden farklı görev ve sorumluluklara sahiptir. Çalışmamız Küçük Asya’da beneficiarius consularis/βενεφικιάριος ὑπατικοῦ rütbesinde görev yapmış askerlerin diktiği adak yazıtlarına odaklanarak onların dinsel yaşamı ve görevleri hakkında bir değerlendirme yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen toplam dört adak yazıtının Kappadokia ve Pontos bölgelerinde askerî karakollara ev sahipliği yapma ihtimali olan mevkilerde keşfedilmesi bakımından askerlerin görev yerlerini belirleyici nitelikte oldukları düşünülmektedir. İlaveten, söz konusu adak yazıtları askerlerin dinsel alışkanlıklarını ortaya koymakla beraber üstlendikleri görev ve sorumluluklara ilişkin önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır.

Togas have been widely studied, regarding their shape, material, colour and significance. Studies have been made on how to replicate the way togas are folded and wrapped on statues. However, little has been said on why the garment which is supposed to identify a rustic, simple, modest people was so uncomfortable to wear, impeding the performance of many physical activities.
This paper is aimed to provide a theory based on the dynamic character of Roman citizens, suggesting that togas may have had a military component, serving as a means of training and keeping discipline, even during peaceful times.

This paper analyses the taphonomic modifications of the human remains identified within Cueva Palomera, the main entrance to Ojo Guareña karstic system (Merindad de Sotoscueva, Burgos, Spain). The human skeletons were found deposited over the cave floor of two high, narrow and hard-to-reach sectors called Terraza del Enterramiento de la Galería Principal and Galería Sepulcral de la Sima Dolencias. Both sites represent primary depositions, in anatomical association and preserved partial joints but without grave goods. These humans are directly dated between 2000-1750 cal BC, suggesting that both events took place within a short time frame during the Early Bronze Age. The anthropological and taphonomic studies show that two adult male individuals suffered different types of lesions in their cranium, clavicle, and ribs, including traumatisms and cut marks. Taphonomic techniques have identified diagenetic and biostratinomic modifications, helping the assessment of their postmortem and perimortem interval. The morphological features of these modifications confirm that both individuals suffered lesions performed during the perimortem interval, suggesting their likely cause of death. The concentration of the injuries and the contemporaneity of both individuals are coherent with intentional anthropic action, indicating that they could result from a violent conflict.