Qajar Persia

نظام فضایی-کالبدی در سکونتگاه¬های انسانی بیانگر تعاملات اجتماعی، رفتارها و کنش‌های موجود در جامعه است و «معماری» با سازمان‌دهی و ارتباط میان فضاها، معنای نهفته در ساختار اجتماعی را آشکار می¬نماید. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین ساختار اجتماعی خانه¬های تاریخی دزفول، به این پرسش پاسخ می¬دهد که: پیکره¬بندی فضایی خانه¬ها در دوره¬ی قاجار بیانگر چه الگویی است؟. دوره¬ی قاجار به دلیل حفظ پیوستگی در معنای «خانه» انتخاب شده و جامعه¬ی آماری شامل کلیه خانه‌‌های شهر دزفول طی آن دوره است. حجم نمونه شامل 10 خانه از میان خانه¬هایی بدون مداخلات و تغییرات کالبدی مؤثر، به روش نمونه‌‌گیری هدفمند تعیین گردید. روش تحقیق به¬صورت ترکیبی و به شیوه‌ی توصیفی-تحلیلی بر پایه‌ی استدلال منطقی می¬باشد. گردآوری اطلاعات نیز بر مبنای مشاهدات میدانی و با استناد به منابع و نقشه¬های معتبر بوده، همچنین استخراج و تحلیل داده¬ها توسط نرم‌افزار A-Graph صورت گرفته است. خانه¬های مورد مطالعه بر حسب تعداد و محل قرارگیری حیاط به پنج گروه تقسیم¬بندی و تاثیر شاخص‌های «ارتباط، هم¬پیوندي، عمق و مرتبه نسبی» بر «تعاملات و محرمیت» ارزیابی می¬شود. وجود «شوادان» در خانه¬های دزفول به عنوان جنبه¬ای جدید نسبت به سایر مطالعات نحو فضا می¬باشد. پژوهش حاضر نشان می¬دهد در الگوی حاکم بر خانه¬های دوره¬ی قاجار، «حیاط» و «ایوان» دارای بالاترین ارزش تعاملات و کمترین میزان از محرمیت هستند و به عنوان نفوذپذیرترین فضاها قلمداد می-شوند. نتایج پژوهش همچنین بیانگر یکپارچگی بالا در فضای شوادان بوده که این الگو همراه با حفظ محرمیت در ریزفضاهای آن است.

خیزش انقلابی و زنانه ایران در مدتی کوتاه توانست چنان تحولی در ارزش های جمعی و نگاه ما به مسائل ایجاد کند که به جرأت می توان گفت که در چهار دهه گذشته بی سابقه بوده است. این خیزش نه تنها در زمینه سیاسی، اجتماعی و اخلاقی  جامعه ایران را متحول کرد، بلکه حتی چشم انداز فلسفی و چهارچوب های فکری و تئوریک بسیاری از ما را نیز به چالش کشیده است.
امروز شاید کمتر کسی را بتوان یافت که در فرا مرزی شدن شعار "زن، زندگی، آزادی" شک داشته باشد. دیگر در ذهنیت جمعی ما حک شده که این فقط یک شعار نیست، بیانگر "روحِ" جمعی ما ست، خلاصه کنند ه خواست ها و نقشه رسیدن به آنهاست. این سه کلمه در کنارهم، پرچم نظری-ارزشی یک جنبش را نمایندگی می کند. این "روحِ" جمعی نه تنها ذهنیت ایرانی را تسخیر کرد بلکه فراتر از تخیّل و تَصَوّرِ غیر ایرانیان نیز پَر کشید. اما چگونه این هدیه مردم کردستان در دست زنان، جوانان و مردان، در ایران به ارزشی فرامرزی تبدیل شد؟ جواب آن را باید در جهانشمول بودن تک تک این مفاهیم جستجو کرد.
پیش از هر چیز باید توجه داشت، آنچه که در اینجا بدیهی بنظر می رسد، در شرایطی در عرصه جهانی مطرح می شود که سالهاست تفکر نسبیت گرایی و تئوری های آن در جوامع و بخصوص در بین دانشگاهیان رواج بسیار داشته و دارد. هر کس که تا حدی با این نحوه تفکر آشنا باشد می داند که اساس این تئوری ها بر پایه این باور کلیدی استوار است که: هیچ ارزشی، اعم از اجتماعی، سیاسی، و اخلاقی، جهانی نیست؛ بلکه همه ارزش ها به فرهنگ یک جامعه بستگی دارد. بر اساس همین پیش فرض است که بسیاری از متفکرین، فعالین سیاسی و اجتماعی ، ازجمله گروهی از فمینیست ها، سالهاست که جهانشمول بودن بسیاری از مفاهیم، ارزش ها و حتی حقوق بشر را به زیر سوال کشیده اند. عده ای نیز تا آنجا پیش رفتند که هرگونه صحبت و یا تلاش برای همبستگی را به معنی ندیدن تفاوت ها و رنگارنگی خواست ها می پنداشتند.  به همین خاطر است که جنبش اعتراضی اخیر در ایران در بُعد دیگری نیز اهمیت می یابد، چرا که باعث اختلال در روند عادی شدن برخی نظریه ها می شود و بسیاری از عادتها و روال فکری رایج را به چالش می کشد.

Turkologentag 2023 – Fourth European Convention of Turkic, Ottoman and Turkish Studies. 21-23 September 2023 – Universität Wien, Austria

Technological and diplomatic factors during the 19th century extensively increased the possibilities for Iranians to travel, trade, study, and live beyond the borders of the Qajar empire. The crucial role of Iranian communities in different parts of the Ottoman empire, especially in Istanbul, in transmitting news about the ongoing tanzimat process and in paving the ground for the Iranian Constitutional Revolution has already received some scholarly attention. Conversely, less research has been devoted to the activism of these communities during the revolution. To do so, this paper will be based on understudied documents held at the Italian Historical-Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and at the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv of the Austrian State Archives. Unexpectedly, these archives include a variety of letters, telegrams, reports, and newspaper articles that allow exploring the role of Iranian communities in the Ottoman empire in supporting the existence of a constitutional form of government in Iran after the bombardment of the Majlis. In particular, it will investigate the activism of Iranian anjomans, that emerged in different cities of the Ottoman empire such as Istanbul and Trebizond, and including a women’s one, in establishing a network that channeled news about the revolution from Iran to the Ottoman empire and beyond, by reaching out to other Asian and European people and creating “diplomatic” contacts with foreign representatives to get some support for their cause.

یادداشتی در شماره اخیر مجله «جُنگ هنر مس» درباره‌ی اندیشه‌های حاج علی اکبر صنعتی، بنیانگذار دارالایتام صنعتی و از مشروطه‌خواهان کرمان. در این یادداشت به دو دست‌نویس باقی‌مانده از ایشان نظر انداخته‌ام و بخش‌هایی از دست‌نویسی از ایشان (مربوط به حوالی بهمن هزار و سیصد و نه) را که به لطف محسن صنعتی، نوه ایشان، در اختیارم قرار گرفته، ضبط و تصحیح کرده‌ام. در این بریده راوی از دیدار خود با سید جمال‌الدین اسدآبادی و میرزا آقاخان در استانبول می‌نویسد؛ هم سویه کمتر دانسته‌ای از فکر اسدآبادی را نشان می‌دهد و هم اشاراتی دارد که نشان می‌دهد حاج علی اکبر، که همزمان با میرزا رضای کرمانی در استانبول حاضر بوده، شراکت رأی بین میرزاآقاخان و اقدام میرزا رضای کرمانی در ترور ناصرالدین‌شاه را تایید می‌کند

In this work we have access to weather map for the area of Iraq, this work is of great importance, especially in the field of future planning and management of projects and resources as well as agriculture in Iraq. The climate assessment of the area of Iraq has been done in multiple ways to reach a clear conception of the nature of the climate in Iraq. We used the data of the last 15 years to achieve stable results. The Information was put in the form of grid points and has been processed by MATLAB program. Keywords: agriculture, atmospheric sciences, climate classification, drought, precipitation.

ECIS 10 - Tenth European Conference of Iranian Studies. 21-25 August 2023, Leiden University

During the Constitutional Revolution, the anjomans played a crucial role in promoting the constitutional cause across Iran. Some of them also emerged among the Iranian communities outside the borders of the empire and represented a channel in connecting the constitutional developments inside Iran with neighboring territories. While this theme has recently received some scholarly attention, much remains to be studied. In particular, an in-depth analysis of Italian diplomatic documents held at the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reveals a peculiar zeal of Italian diplomats in Iran and in the Ottoman Empire for reporting the ‘diplomatic’ activities of the Iranian anjomans and the connections of Iranian constitutionalists with other Asian populations. Therefore, using these almost untapped archival sources, this paper explores the activism of Iranian anjomans in spreading news and looking for foreign support during the Constitutional Revolution. It examines how Iranian anjomans, including women’s ones, got in touch with diplomats and foreign governments, raising grievances, proposing solutions and stressing the necessity of a constitutional government, and how Italian diplomats perceived and reacted to them. Furthermore, it shows that Italian diplomats also devoted attention to the transborder network that Iranians had managed to establish with other Asian populations and the entanglements between the Iranian and other contemporary constitutional developments.

Iranians have paid special attention to bath and bathing for a long time. Although they paid a lot of attention to bathing and observing hygiene and cleanliness during the Qajar period, as in previous periods, this study aims to find out the social distinctions that existed among the upper and lower classes of Iranian society in the Qajar era regarding the construction of a bath and the matter of bathing. is, show in this research, by using historical sources and descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to answer these questions by applying Bourdieu's theory of social differentiation: What was the view of the upper classes of Iranian society during the Qajar era on the construction of baths and the purpose of bathing; Did they have objective beyond maintaining health and cleanliness of the body? How did the lower classes of society perceive and engage with concept of bath and bathing? The premise of the research is based on the fact that although the purpose of the lower classes of society to go to the bathroom and take a bath was based on necessities such as cleaning the body in order to perform ablution and maintain cleanliness, hygiene and health, the purpose of the noble classes was to build a bathroom and The purpose of bathing, in addition to meeting the needs such as maintaining cleanliness, hygiene and health of the body, was that through the use of decorations in the construction of the bathroom or through entertainment, beautification and self-decoration during bathing, one's distinctive and distinctive features were also show reflect their distinctive and discriminating aspects to other strata and classes.

Reflexe pozdně qádžárovské éry v díle Síjáhat-náme-je Ebráhím Beg. Bakalářská práce se zabývá dílem Síjáhat-náme-je Ebráhím Beg perského autora Zajnol'ábedína Marágheího. Próza, napsaná formou fiktivního cestopisu a vyznačující se ostrou kritikou sociálních, politických a kulturních poměrů perské společnosti pozdě qádžárovského období, vzbudila v Persii na přelomu 19. a 20. století široký ohlas a svým silně reformistickým nábojem představovala významný příspěvek v argumentačním boji mezi modernitou a tradicí v předvečer ústavní revoluce z let 1905-1911. Předkládané práce je pokusem podchytit na základě kritické analýzy literárního textu formální i obsahový význam Marágheího díla, považovaného za jednu z prvních fikcí se satiricko-kritickými prvky v perské literatuře. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. První, teoretická část pojednává o historicko-literárním vývoji Íránu v 19. století. Druhá, praktická část, následně po stručné charakterizaci díla, se zaměřuje na rozbor obsahové, sociálně-kritické roviny Síjáhat-náme a na vybraných příkladech, doprovázených ukázkami překladu z originálního jazyka do jazyka českého, demonstruje kritické postoje autora ke konkrétním společenským jevům zkoumaného období. V závěrečné syntéze se pokusím shrnout výsledky své analýzy.

Reflexe pozdně qádžárovské éry v díle Síjáhat-náme-je Ebráhím Beg. Bakalářská práce se zabývá dílem Síjáhat-náme-je Ebráhím Beg perského autora Zajnol'ábedína Marágheího. Próza, napsaná formou fiktivního cestopisu a vyznačující se ostrou kritikou sociálních, politických a kulturních poměrů perské společnosti pozdě qádžárovského období, vzbudila v Persii na přelomu 19. a 20. století široký ohlas a svým silně reformistickým nábojem představovala významný příspěvek v argumentačním boji mezi modernitou a tradicí v předvečer ústavní revoluce z let 1905-1911. Předkládané práce je pokusem podchytit na základě kritické analýzy literárního textu formální i obsahový význam Marágheího díla, považovaného za jednu z prvních fikcí se satiricko-kritickými prvky v perské literatuře. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. První, teoretická část pojednává o historicko-literárním vývoji Íránu v 19. století. Druhá, praktická část, následně po stručné charakterizaci díla, se zaměřuje na rozbor obsahové, sociálně-kritické roviny Síjáhat-náme a na vybraných příkladech, doprovázených ukázkami překladu z originálního jazyka do jazyka českého, demonstruje kritické postoje autora ke konkrétním společenským jevům zkoumaného období. V závěrečné syntéze se pokusím shrnout výsledky své analýzy.

This paper aims to scrutinize the identity layers in artworks of the Qajar era. Identity in art has different layers and each layer depends on different aspects. the Qajar Era is one of the culturally productive periods in Iran. It also had widespread relations with the West in different matters. Thus several identity layers in the culture and artworks can be seen in this period. The research tries to answer this question: what are the identity layers and their priorities found in the Lithographed Manuscripts with religious themes in the Qajar Era? The analysis of 10 manuscripts with various dates shows that there are four identity layers: archaism, Persian-Islamic, Western-style and Islamic-Shi? tendency in artworks of the Qajar Era and each type of artwork, some layers have more importance.

ABSTRACT
It may have been an inevitability that Turkic tribes should eventually take over much of Central Asia in the wake of Chingis and Timur, yet the surviving prestige of Persianate culture was such that those very same tribes were motivated more by the prestigious leadership of a bi-cultural Turko-Persian imperial entity than by separatist inclinations. The Idea of Iran lived on for a while longer under ‘foreign’ dynasties that, as in the past, claimed to be its staunch upholders. That was certainly the case with the largest Turkic tribe, the Afshars who, with Nader Shah, mounted the throne after the fall of the Safavids. That was also the case with the first Qajar ruler, Agha Mohammad Khan, whose ancestral base of Marv was considered by him and his clan as integral to Iran, and who was equally committed to preserving Transcaucasia where the Qajar branch of the Qizilbash had been invested by the Safavids with the governorships of Ganja and Qarabagh. Their intentions were sincere, their methods brutal and their opponents determined to carve out their own fiefdoms out of the ruins of empire by appropriating patches of distorted history. Sic transit gloria mundi.

Türk kültür tarihine baktığımızda, yada taşı diye bilinen taş vasıtası ile, bir nevi sihir yoluyla kar ve yağmur yağdırıldığının pek çok örneklerine rastlamaktayız. Bu hususta Çin kaynaklarında olduğu gibi İslâm kaynaklarında (Arap, Fars ve Osmanlı) da bilgi vardır. Arapça İslâm kaynaklarında hacerü'l-metar, Farsça kaynaklarda seng-i metar (=yağmur taşı), seng-i ceda (=ceda taşı) diye geçen taşa, muhtelif Türk lehçelerinden Yakutça'da sata, Altayca'da çata, Kıpçak grubu lehçelerde cay adı verilmektedir.

For nearly three decades from the beginning of the 19th century Qajar Iran fought hard and persistently against Russia for supremacy in the South Caucasus. The first Russian-Iranian war of 1804-1813 ended with the defeat of Iran and the conclusion of the Gulistan peace treaty. Although after the conclusion of a peace treaty hostilities ceased, however, tensions between the two countries remained. The Gulistan treaty did not resolve Russian-Iranian contradictions. Iran was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty, sought to revise it and restore the pre-war borders. Russia, also, was not satisfied with it, because it hoped to establish the border along the Araz River and complete the accession of the entire South Caucasus. The failure of negotiations between the Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the boundary line, and began fighting on the borders of the two states, have resulted in outbreak of the second Russian- Iranian war in July 1826.In this article we will try to look at the background and reasons for the outbreak of the second Russo-Iranian war and answer the following questions: 1. Whether the unratified Treaty of Tiflis (1825) on the delimitation of borders can be considered final; 2. Whether Britain was the perpetrator or instigator of the second Russo-Iranian war, as is asserted in almost all Soviet and Russian historiography; 3. Why Britain has not provided promised aid to Qajar Iran under the Tehran Treaty of 1814.

In this volume, Alexander Nagel investigates the use of polychromy in the art and architecture of ancient Iran. Focusing on Persepolis, he explores the topic within the context of the modern historiography of Achaemenid art and the scientific investigation of a range of works and monuments in Iran and in museums around the world. Nagel's study contextualizes scholarly efforts to retrieve aspects of ancient polychromies in Western Asia and interrogates current debates about the contemporary use of color in the architecture and sculpture in the ancient Mediterranean world, especially in North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Bringing a multi-disciplinary perspective to the topic, Nagel also highlights the important role of theory, methodology, and conservation studies in the process of reconstructing polychromy in ancient monuments. A celebration of the work of painters, artisans, craftsmen and -women of Iran's past, his volume suggests frameworks through which historical and contemporary research play a dynamic role in the reconstruction of ancient technological knowledge.

The unbalanced gender-specific division of labor emerged as early as the end of the nineteenth century, when women work was exploited and underpaid in the wage market. The gendered professional inequalities between women and men continue to persist even today. The present paper aims to provide an outline of the main concepts used for analysing gendered inequalities in professional careers and to delineate the most significant explanations regarding this phenomenon. Besides gender stereotypes and gender roles, other terms which conceptualize the gender-based inequalities and discrimination in professional careers are addressed, such as gender pay gap, horizontal segregation, evaluative discrimination, vertical segregation, glass ceiling, sticky floor, and gender status beliefs. Furthermore, there are discussed both theoretical economic approaches, which emphasize the role of human capital and explain discrimination of women in the labor market by the expectations on their lower productivity, and theoretical sociological approaches, which highlight other aspects, such as differences in power, social and cultural norms and values, and take into consideration the importance of social capital, social interactions and networks, and social closure in professional career and ascension. In the last part of the paper the key aspects of the debate are emphasized and some remarks about the necessity of larger, more integrative and practice-oriented research in this regard are made.

Problem Definition: The Art of Court Portrait Painting is one of the Main arts of the Qajar Period, Which Continued Until the Period of Muzaffar al-Din Shah. The Focus of the Current Research is the Study of the Art of Court Portrait Painting during the Period of Muzaffar al-Din Shah and the Examination of Various half-length and full-length examples presented by him. Based on this, in this Research, the Main Question of the Current Research is as follows: What are the Structural and Content Characteristics of the Portrait Paintings of Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar period?
Objective: Knowing the Paintings of the Qajar Period as a Part of Iranian art is one of the Goals of this Research.
Research Method: The Present research is Descriptive-Analytical and has been Carried out Using library Sources and Museum Image Samples.
Results: The Current Research Shows that the Integration of Art and Politics in the Paintings of Mozaffaruddin Shah Qajar period Through the use of Symbols of Power in the Images is a Continuation of the Pictorial Traditions of the Previous periods. The Extensive use of Portrait Painting Throughout the Qajar Period can be Seen as an Attempt to legitimize the Monarchy, Some of These Paintings are Half-Length and Some are Full-Length Portraits, and the Influence of Western Realistic Photography and Nature Can be Seen in the Paintings.

There is no doubt that in the process of learning history in schools, the role of the media is very important and strategic. Many media can be developed by utilizing what is already around the community, one of which is wayang suluh. Utilizing wayang suluh as historical learning media is expected to optimize the process and the learning result of history. It also can introduce their own culture that contains the value of wisdom in learners. Based on field studies, the need for alternative media learning history is quite high (87.5%). Most (75%) of the research respondents were very enthusiastic with the concept of learning media of wayang suluh. It is believed that the concept of wayang suluh makes learning more interactive because it involves all class participants to interact. Based on the results of the feasibility test (validation) by media and material experts, with the suggested improvements and additions, the puppet as a medium of learning history, declared good or feasible t...

In his writings, the Bāb (1819–1850), the founder of the Bābī religion, introduced laws and pronounced ethical injunctions pertaining to women that marked a significant departure from Muslim legal norms and social customs prevailing in Iran and the wider Islamic world. His statements signal a deliberate attempt to improve the status of women, including in marital relations. They addressed issues such as mutʿah and taḥlīl marriages, polygyny, bridal consent, divorce and spousal relations. This article examines the Bāb’s statements on these issues and reflects on their significance for the rights of women in the context of Muslim juridical opinions and social customs, focusing mainly on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Kaçarlar, 1795 yılında Ağa Muhammed Han’ın tesis ettiği hâkimiyetle birlikte İran’da iktidara gelen bir Türk hanedanıydı. Yaklaşık yüz otuz yıl İran’da iktidarı elinde tutan Kaçar Hanedanı, Ağa Muhammed Han’ın vasiyeti doğrultusunda, yazılı kurala dayanmayan bir veraset sistemi uygulamaya çalıştı. Uygulanmaya çalışılan bu veraset sistemi, Feth Ali Şah’ın tahta çıkmasından sonra onun şehzadeleri arasında itirazlara neden oldu. Özellikle Veliaht Şehzade Abbas Mirza’nın ölümünden sonra sisteme karşı yükselen itirazlar, Feth Ali Şah’ın ölümüyle beraber doğrudan bir taht mücadelesine dönüştü. Mücadelede mağlup olan şehzadeler ve hanedan mensupları, İran’ı terk ederek Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığınmayı tercih etti ve bu devletin topraklarında uzun süre yaşamlarına devam etti. Bu çalışma, Kaçar Hanedanı’nda uygulanmaya çalışılan veraset sisteminin neden olduğu taht mücadelesini ve bunun sonucunda Osmanlı Devleti’ne iltica eden hanedan mensuplarının durumunu; Farsça ve Türkçe literatür ile Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri doğrultusunda ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, Kaçar Hanedanı, Feth Ali Şah, Veraset, İltica

The Qajars were a Turkish dynasty that had came to power in Persia under the rule Agha Muhammad Khan had established in 1795. The Qajar Dynasty, held power in Persia for about 130 years and had tried to implement a succession system not based on written rules in line with the will of Agha Muhammad Khan. This succession system raised objections among his princes after Feth Ali Shah ascended the throne. After the death of Crown Prince Abbas Mirza in particular, the objections raised against the system turned into a direct struggle for the throne, resulting in the death of Feth Ali Shah. The princes and members of the dynasty who’d been defeated in the struggle preferred to leave Persia and take refuge in the Ottoman Empire, continuing their lives in Ottoman territory for a long time. This study examines the struggle for the throne this succession
system that had been attempted to be implemented in the Qajar Dynasty had caused, as well as the status of the dynasty members who’d taken refuge in the Ottoman Empire as a result. The article attempts to reveal these in line with the Persian and Turkish literature and Ottoman archive documents.
Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Qajar Dynasty, Feth Ali Shah, Inheritance, Heirdom, Sanctuary

An article concerned with the initial influences of the French Revolution on the Islamic world ranging from Persia to the Ottomans on The Collector, an online academic community for scholars and enthusiasts in humanities operating in Montreal, Canada.

For the link: https://www.thecollector.com/islamic-world-perspective-on-french-revolution/#

اندیشة قانون‌خواهی، اصلی‌ترین جریان اصلاحی در عصرِ قاجار بود و بخش مهمی از «تجربة تجدد سیاسی» را در این دوره تشکیل می‌داد. با گسترش «گفتمانِ قانون‌خواهی در عصرِ ناصری»، «تجربۀ قانون‌نویسی» یکی از روندهای مهم در این زمینه بود. در این پژوهش، با بهره‌گیری از روش و نظریة «تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی»، تجربة قانون‌نویسی بررسی شده است. برای این کار هفت قانونِ منتخبِ سیاسی و دولتیِ نوشته‌شده در عصرِ ناصری بررسی شد. هدف این پژوهش واکاویِ این مسئله است که قانون‌نویسی‌هایِ این دوره، که در گونه‌هایِ مختلف رواج یافته بود، چگونه در قوانینِ سیاسی بروز و ظهور می‌یابد. پرسش اساسی این پژوهش آن است که تجربة قانون‌نویسیِ سیاسی در عصر ناصری، با گفتمان قانون‌خواهی در این دوره چه نسبتی داشته است؟ یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد این قوانین بیشتر از هر چیز بر مبنایِ ایجادِ «نظم» برایِ دولت و منطبق با گفتمانِ «سلطنتِ منتظم مطلقه» است که از سال‌هایِ میانیِ سلطنتِ ناصرالدین‌شاه توسطِ کسانی چون میرزامَلکَم‌خان به‌انحای گوناگون ترویج و تبلیغ می‌شد. البته، بسیاری از این قوانین، و در گونه‌هایِ دیگر نیز، به مرحلۀ اجرا نرسید، اما بخشِ مهمی از ایده‌هایِ قانون‌خواهانه در عصرِ قاجار با گسترشِ چنین قوانینی بسط یافت؛ درعینِ‌حال، نشان‌دهندۀ ضعفِ دولت در تکاملِ فرایندِ دولت‌سازی با به‌کارگیری از قوانینِ موضوعۀ جدید بود؛ چیزی که تا دهه‌هایِ بعدی به ‌تأخیر افتاد.

In Iranian architecture that extends human intelligence in the construction of this architecture, various icons are influenced by this unitary thought. For decades, sustainable architecture has come to the fore, and many solutions have been proposed by it to solve the contemporary crisis, but there are still some problems in creating sustainable architecture. It seems that by removing obstacles by paying attention to the values and characteristics of the native architecture, it can be completed. Despite the differences in the physical and functional characteristics of the Gilan architecture in response to the climatic needs of other parts of Iran, it seems the rejection of the indicator, i.e., the rejection of semantic meaning of Iranian architecture is recognizable in this canvas. In this research, we sought to adapt the characteristics of Iranian architecture in the architecture of indigenous Gilan housing, considering the characteristics of sustainability. To achieve this purpose...

From the period of 1906 to 1979, Iran witnessed monumental social and political change,  constructing competing discourses of the nation. These competing discourses reflected the pervasive influence of Iran’s constitutional revolution and the subsequent Pahlavi nationalists, and their appropriation of nineteenth and twentieth century European scholarship. This article will examine the influence of the nationalist corpus of the late Qajar to the Pahlavi era, particularly the founder of Iranian nationalism, Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh, and his heir, Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, as well as the next generation of Iranian nationalists such as Hasan Pirnia and Hasan Taqizadeh, on state nationalism. This paper argues that Iranian nationalism largely developed in response to European historiography. These nationalists appropriated and transformed European historiography for domestic use, rebranding it to facilitate a new reimagination of the nation-state.  At the core of these national constructions were concepts of Iran’s ancient past with which one could imagine, critique and reconstruct the nation. This paper examines the influence of the nationalist legacy and the role of the 1979 Revolution in dismantling such a legacy.
Whilst a time of rupture, this paper illustrates that the narratives about Iranian identity in modern Iran, continues to operate within the parameters inherited by Europe

Judicial disputes of the society in the Constitutional period including legal and criminal lawsuits represent events which occurred in the social, administrative and political context in Iran.This analytic-descriptive study seeks to explore the lawsuits and legal claims among the sources especially the judicial documents left from the people of Tehran in the Constitutional period. Property and financial disputes, inheritance and endowment are mentioned in the field of litigation of that period.The findings prove that financial issues were the most problematic ones for the people. The fledgling constitutional regime had growing financial crises since its inception.Among the many reasons for this was the improper performance of the former Qajar government facing economical problems. The value of Iran's currency fell severely in comparison to the other credible foreign currencies.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.