Mythology And Folklore

Folk and the Folklore as a Roots of Terror in Literature of Romanticism. An attempt of synthesis

The commonly acknowledged fact is that folklore – among the other traditions, such as the aesthetics of sublime or Gothic literature – is a fundamental root of terror in Romantic literature. Possibly, so commonly, that it is not considered justified to research this obvious issue. The purpose of the article is to fill this gap and collect all the information on this topic, which occurs unwittingly in other texts while analyzing poems or the overall orientation, in one place. However, the paper does not end up on imitative compilation. It tries not only to answer the question: where are those terrific motifs from, but also: why were they needed by writers? Why were they close to them in a spiritual way? What is most important – and which the Author attempts to justify – is the deep meaning of used means of expression. The article shows that they were used to depict very different types of anxiety – connected with sexuality, politics, and even economic and social changes.

Це видання є першим в Україні спеціальним дослідженням, що присвячене фольклорній культурі українців Молдови. До книги увійшло понад 600 зразків народних пісень та речитативів, записаних 2005–2009, 2016 рр. у 43 населених пунктах 10 районів півночі Молдови. Тексти творів подано з нотами. Основний корпус записів доповнюють три вступні аналітичні розвідки та супутні матеріали в додатках (коментарі, примітки, покажчики, словник та ін.).
У дослідженні виявлено генетичну єдність і спільні риси фольклору українців Молдови із загальнонаціональною українською традицією, передусім її буковинською та подільською складовими. Також відображено іншоетнічні нашарування, які постали упродовж багатовікових контактів українців із молдованами та іншими народами, що проживають компактно на цій землі.



This edition is the first special research in Ukraine dedicated to folklore culture of Ukrainians of Moldova. The book includes more than 600 examples of folk songs and recitatives recorded during 2005-2009 and 2016 in 43 settlements and 10 regions in the north of Moldova. The text of the compositions is presented with musical notes. The main corpus of records is complemented by three introductory analytical investigations and concomitant materials in appendixes (comments, notes, indexes, vocabulary etc).
The research revealed genetic unity and common features between Ukrainians of Moldova and the nationwide Ukrainian tradition, foremost its Bukovyna and Podillya components. The research also reflects otherethnic layers that appeared during centuries old contacts of Ukrainians and Moldavians and other nations that live densely on this land.

На основе фольклорно-этнографических материалов представлена характеристика дерева и его образа в мифо-ритуальной системе, относящейся к миру детства в традиционной культуре хакасов. Значительная часть фольклорных источников – отрывков из героических сказаний (алыптығ нымахтар), используемых в статье, представлена в авторском переводе на русский язык. Делается вывод, что в традиционном мировоззрении и обрядности хакасов дерево и его образ занимали важное место и наделялись разнообразной символикой, в том числе связанной с идеей плодородия и жизнесбережения

With a common cache of metaphors and symbols, it is vital to realise that studying mythology will lead to understanding history, literature, religion, science, philosophy, art, politics, culture, and psychology. This will support effective mythology instruction and creative selfunderstanding imparting values and ethics. Mythology are the collective patterns or archetypes of society and lay heavy emphasis on each individual's capacity for individuation. The importance of internalising symbols as a component of the human journey is thus emphasised by the potency of mythology. The present work attempts to highlight the importance of mythology as a potential way of imparting education and values. Doing this the researchers have taken up two major texts Abhigyanashakuntalam and Kumarsambhava interpretating mythological tales to focus on the importance of mythology as a way of imparting education, ethics and values.

Discovered in the mid 1990s, Karahan Tepe is a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in a remote area of the Tektek Dağları (Tektek Mountains), situated some 37 kilometers (23 miles) east-southeast of the more well known site of Göbekli Tepe. Since 2019 excavations have revealed a series of installations dating from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period (circa 9600-8800 BCE) through till the end of the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (circa 8200-8000 BCE). The author reports on the layout and potential functionality of three interconnected bedrock structures focusing on their cultic symbolism and potential usage.

E tanulmány kifejezetten politikatudományi és politikafilozófiai karakterrel bír. A címének megfelelően szembeállítja a regnáló hatalom keresztény nacionalista patriotizmusát a valódi, tudományos szempontból hiteles patriotizmussal. Miután a keresztény nacionalista platform eszmetörténeti-történelmi gyökereit megvizsgáltam, az Annual Political Science egy cikke alapján bevezetem az ún. "polgári nacionalizmus" kifejezést, szembeállítva az "etnikai nacionalizmussal", majd levonom a megfelelő következtetést.

Nere schiere di formiche che si muovono frenetiche nel sonno agitato di un imperatore, inquietanti avvistamenti di lupi solitari tra le vie e le porte di Roma, stormi di gru all'orizzonte che guidano i marinai salvandoli dalle tempeste. Difficile pensare alle antiche culture greca e romana senza riferirsi a loro, agli animali. Erano presenze costanti, compagni di vita, aiutanti insostituibili, spesso ospiti indesiderati, talvolta protagonisti di sogni angoscianti, in qualche occasione persino creature divine, protette e tutelate dagli dèi. Di certi animali si diceva che avessero governato gli uomini prima delle divinità, di altri che fossero stati addirittura i progenitori delle forme iniziali di vita umana. Attraverso un'ampia scelta di testi greci e latini il volume offre un primo, inedito, viaggio nel mondo delle relazioni tra uomini e altri animali nell'Atene di Socrate e Platone e ai tempi di Roma antica.

Le roman populaire repose sur la figure du héros, d’ascendance mythique, ainsi que sur la reconnaissance, l’identification et la satisfaction du lectorat. La Dame de Monsoreau transgresse toutes les règles du genre : la reconnaissance, l’identification et la satisfaction sont impossibles face à l’absence d’un héros véritablement populaire. Cet article propose de repenser les paramètres du « para-littéraire », un genre ici garanti par le déplacement du mythe : ce n’est pas la nature du héros ou le syncrétisme mythique, présent à la surface du texte, mais un réseau cohérent de références à Bacchus aux niveaux narratifs et discursifs qui assure la collaboration du public.

В статье рассматривается фраземика русских островных говоров Одесщины — уникальный языковой
и культурный пласт, на формирование и функционирование которого оказало значительное влияние
длительное пребывание русских диалектоносителей в разноязычном и разнокультурном окружении. Цель
исследования состоит в определении лингвокультурного своеобразия фраземики русских островных
говоров Одесской области Украины. Опираясь на ведущее положение лингвокультурологической
школы В. М. Телия о культурной обусловленности фразеологизма, автор приходит к выводу о том,
что лингвокультурное свобразие фраземики русских говоров Одесщины определяется типологическими
свойствами материнских, южнорусских по своему происхождению говоров, полилингвальными и
поликультурными контактами, а также географическими, ландшафтными и другими особенностями
местности, в которой проживают русские диалектоносители, их религиозными и культурными традициями,
приобретенным историческим опытом. Несмотря на длительное пребывание в окружении разных языков
и культур, фраземика русских говоров сохранила унаследованные особенности материнских говоров, что
проявляется в гармоничном сочетании внутренней и внешней структуры. Фраземика русских говоров
Одесщины отличается прозрачной внутренней формой и благозвучием. Речь русских переселенцев
характеризуется высокой степенью фразеологической «насыщенности».

Montenegro is a country with a valuable and long tradition which touches upon death as much as it does on life. Posthumous culture is peculiarly detailed and significant for the people, most notably in the earlier period when it represented the only foundation that held society together in difficult historical moments. This partially morbid way of self-expression of people has its roots in the politically and war-troubled past, often complicated and cruel to the inhabitants of Montenegro. The attention points to the many traditional aspects, unwritten rules, and customs differing from place to place but preserving the same function. From the type of clothes for the deceased, the eerie dirges uttered at the gravesite, to the male and female roles at the commemorations-the article handles the typical funeral processes with the help of two interlocutors. This paper aims to acquaint the reader with the manner of behaviour of the Montenegrins towards the phenomenon that occurs when a person in the community dies and how a typical family handles the situation. For the sake of the research, interviews with two subjects providing their perspectives were conducted. The significance of the research is personified by the sometimes contradictory stances of the people on death and the inevitable merging of secular and religious life.

This article contains the basic structural features of a same-named PhD research thesis. The main tasks of the research are to identify three focal fields with mythological elements, whether they are phenomena, objects, people, or creatures that some believe and others doubt exist. These focal fields are found in various collections of folk stories, and contemporary literary texts as well as in interviews with storytellers. However, the focus of this article is primarily on the introductory story and on providing the background of the general idea. The goal is to acquaint the readers with the background that explains the origin of the mentioned stories among the people. It talks about death, man’s natural fear of it, and the world of the paranormal, religious, and mythological, which combined create inexplicable phenomena that contradict the rational reasoning of man. One of the hypotheses of the research itself is to understand why this phenomenon is still present in the human community and what benefits it brings. Furthermore, the methodology used in the research includes a comparison and contrast of information between folk stories and contemporary literary works. In addition, the most important research method used is the interview technique with the aforementioned storytellers with strategically selected persons who are assumed to possess quality information.     
Keywords: myth, folk tales, mythological beings, supernatural events, paranormal, storytellers, Slavic mythology Discipline: cultural anthropology

This essay explores the work of the Ukrainian-Russian painter Maria Siniakova (in Ukrainian: Mariia Mykhailіvna Syniakova-Urechyna, Krasna Poliana 1890 or 98 – Moscow 1984) in the context of the Futurist movement in Ukraine and Russia. During the First World War until the early 1920s, the dacha of the Siniakov family, Krasnaia Poliana, became a refuge for left-wing artists and poets from Russia and nearby Kharkiv, a kind of artists’ colony with a uniquely creative atmosphere. These guests included Viktor (Velimir) Khlebnikov, Boris Pasternak, Nikolai Aseev, Grigori Petnikov, Mikhail Matiushin, Borys Kosarev, Vasyl’ Iermylov (Vasily Ermilov) and others. In the first part of this essay, the topos ‘Krasnaia Poliana’ is investigated in the poetry of Khlebnikov, Aseev and Pasternak. The second part focusses on Maria Siniakova's pastoral watercolours of the 1910s and early 1920s. They are interpreted as ‘sensual Futurism’, and particular attention is paid to the artist’s avant-garde attitude towards life, and in particular to free-body culture (nudism). I examine Siniakova’s contacts with the artist scene in Russia before the First World War and her involvement with the artistic milieu in Kharkiv in 1918-1921, before her move to Moscow. It is argued that a special discourse on Futurism was created in Kharkiv. Artist here sought to create a universal art of the future, with components such as Neo-Primitivism, folk art, Oriental art, as well as stylistic devices derived from Western art movements. The essay contributes to the appreciation of the rôle of women in Russian and Ukrainian Futurism, illustrated here by the example of Siniakova’s watercolours and her design of avant-garde books.

This paper explores the history of the so-called 'Finnish School' from its origins in the 19th century and considers the validity of the concept in the present day. The course of discussion follows the institutionalization of the 'scientific' discipline on the foundation of the methodology that would become known as the 'Historical-Geographic Method' (HGM) and how Finland became internationally prominent in folklore research while still a colonial possession of the Russian Empire. Methodological dogmatism of the early HGM is viewed on the backdrop of establishing and defending the right to institutional recognition and a devoted professorship at what would be renamed the University of Helsinki. Foundation on an ostensibly objective methodology is shown to play a fundamental role in shaping the discipline across generations of scholars, who continued to be identified internationally as doing HGM research even though they positioned themselves as methodologically distinguished from their predecessors within Finnish research. The trajectory of evolution within Finnish folklore research, also entwined with its archival corpora, is argued to be bound up with this history and shown to have continuities also through the major changes in research across the second half of the 20th century, although researchers sought to distance themselves from earlier research as though the break had been absolute. The form of Finnish folklore research today is argued to have its distinctive character as an outcome of its long history, including the definition of folklore on which it was founded. Current research is observed to have continuities from methods and interests around which the discipline formed, although the earlier methodologies have been broken up and selected elements repurposed or reframed, sometimes repeatedly, over time. When continuities are brought into focus, it become reasonable to consider whether it is still today valid to talk about a 'Finnish School' of folklore studies in research today, even if the use of national labels may seem odd or make one uneasy.

Тувинское горловое пение хоомей-уникальный вид вокального музицирования, заключающийся в одновременном воспроизводстве выдержанного грудного низкого звука и мелодий-призвуков, создающих эффект многоголосного пения одним исполнителем. Исполнители тувинского хоомея различают три базовых стиля (вида): каргыраа, хоомей, сыгыт, представляющие три регистра-нижний, средний и верхний соответственно. Стили различаются тембровой окраской, способами звукоизвлечения, характерными средствами выразительности, композиционной структурой, текстовыми зачинами и наборами мелодий, а также особенными функциями. Подвиды (субстили) основных стилей горлового пения имеют специфическое тембровое звучание, функции, структуру и содержание текста. В статье приводится описание стилей и субстилей, а также дается характеристика большинства исполнительских приемов (хоректээр, думчуктаар, киштедир, сирленнедир, бырланнадыр, уянгылаар и т.д.). Особое колоритное звучание данных украшений и орнаментирования выполняет звукоизобразительные функции и основано на подражании различным звукам природы. Ключевые слова горловое пение, каргыраа, хоомей, сыгыт, сольное двухголосие, обертоновое пение, борбаннадыр, эзенгилээр, тувинцы, этномузыковедение Для цитирования Бадыргы М. М., Тирон Е. Л. Особенности базовых стилей и субстилей тувинского хоомея // Языки и фольклор коренных народов Сибири. 2023. № 2 (вып. 46). С. 27-40.

Trolltunga har på noen få år blitt en verdenskjent naturattraksjon, og i takt med et økende besøkstall har antallet redningsaksjoner på Trolltunga steget de siste årene. Med denne studien har jeg forsøkt å skaffe kunnskap om forutsetningene et utvalg av turister på Trolltunga har for ferdsel i norsk natur. Studien har som formål å generere informasjon om hvilken kunnskap og erfaringer turistene besitter tilknyttet den type ferdsel i naturen som det å besøke noen kjente norske fjellattraksjoner innebærer, herunder hvordan de forstår og opplever risiko relatert til fjellvandring. Brukerkunnskap om turistene som besøker norsk natur er nødvendig for å sikre gode og trygge opplevelser, og bærekraftig forvaltning av natur, reiseliv og friluftsliv. Datamaterialet er samlet inn gjennom dybdeintervjuer (både av enkeltpersoner og grupper), og observasjoner gjennomført på mine turer til og fra Trolltunga. Det teoretiske rammeverket for diskusjonen består av relevante teorier fra ulike fagfelt;...

Images of national characters and humorous characters of the Balkan peoples of South Slavia through the prism of their stereotypical reflection in modern anecdotes. This article reviews one of the small forms of folklore – anecdote and, more specifically, ethno-anecdote (ethnic joke) as a way of reflecting national specifics, national colour, a form of expression of the most characteristic features of the mentality and way of life of a certain people, nation, social group. Based on texts of anecdotes that are most typical and widespread in the area of the Slavic Balkans, the characteristics of representatives of the so-called “Serbo-Croatian dialect continuum” are explored. National specific qualities reflected in ethnic jokes and stereotypes are discussed. It is concluded that ethnic jokes, as a special thematic kind of anecdote, contain, among other things, important extralinguistic information and can become an objective source when studying the ethnolinguistic and culturological...

This research article presents the study about the EFL students’ perception on placing culture in ELT practice, especially in Indonesia context. The purpose of this survey study is to examine students’ perception on the integration of culture into ELT practice. The participants were the third-semester students in Mathematics Education Study Program, STKIP PGRI Bandar Lampung (Institute of Teachers Training and Education of PGRI Bandar Lampung), Indonesia. The data was collected using a questionnaire which was posted for the students who were taking the compulsory English subject. It is found that tertiary level students in Indonesia have realized the necessity and importance of placing culture in learning English. One of the importance is that placing culture into English classes could encourage students’ interest and motivation in learning English. The students also agree that their English language skills, speaking, writing, reading and listening, influenced by the existence of cu...

Duel between a young warrior and a gigantic enemy is a widespread motive in the world literature and folklore, but only the single combat between a young Russian and a giant Pecheneg warrior in the Russian Primary chronicle has its folklore version in the tale “Nikita Kožemjaka and the Serpent”. Both stories have many parallels in Russian fairytales and epic poetry, which hero (Dobrynja, Ivan) enters into the struggle with a chthonic monster, Fiery Serpent (Zmej Gorynyč) or Outlandish Marvel (Čudo Yudo). The single-combat stories contain several mythological motifs considered in this article.
Serpent with several heads is a quite common figure in fairy folktales. The Russian word Zmej is akin to zemlja (‘earth’), and water characteristics of the monster brings him closer to the Vedic serpent Vritra, the shutter of the waters. Zmej-serpent has the patronymic ‘Gorynyč’ with the allusion to mountain (gora) or to his ability spewing fire (goret’ – to burn). The flying Serpent symbolizes hostile danger, he abducts women or girls, and the serpent-slayer saves the Russian country from this disgraceful tribute. The winner of Zmej, Kožemjaka or Dobrynja, is similar to Vedic Indra or Greco-Roman Hercules. The Russian serpent-slayer does not marry the saved princess, who symbolizes the country or sovereignty, because she is the bride of somebody else (Prince Vladimir etc.). Their relations are determined by the basic myth, in which the adversaries, Hero and Zmej, act as substitutes of the storm-god Perunъ and the chthonian god Velesъ. However, Perunъ is not the main opponent of Velesъ, who does not approve the marriage between Mother Earth and Skygod (Dažbog from Indo-European *deiuo-). Perunъ only represents Dažbog, as Zmej is the stand-in of Velesъ.
The motive of ploughing has two allusions in epic poetry. First, the ploughing by a ‘wonderful plowman’, like Mikula Seljaninovič, creates the cultural space and fertilizes Mother Earth in her sacred marriage with Sky-god. A competition between the giant plowman and Hero-nobleman shows the latter’s secondary place in the world. Second, the joint ploughing by Hero and Serpent draws the furrow as a border separating the cultural space and the Netherworld. The ploughing is similar to the digging of river beds by the Vedic god Indra, who defeated the ‘great serpent’ Vritra. The many-headed serpent-like monster arrives from over a water boundary with the chthonic world, depicted as the fiery Smorodina river. The fairy Hero meets his adversary on the incandescent bridge over the fiery river, which water is similar to flames. Fairytales depict the chthonic monster as Outlandish Marvel (Čudo Yudo), which is associated with the gods Triglav and Černobog, venerated by the Western Slavs.
The hero’s nickname Tanner (Kožemjaka) has parallels in the fairytales of Ivan the Bull / Cow’s son, who fights the many-headed monster Čudo Yudo on the bridge to the Netherworld. The heroes are similar to the Vedic god Indra, who also was a cow’s son, and the Old-Russian chthonic god Velesъ was the protector of cattle, as the ‘bull’ god Varuṇa. Cattle was the main value and symbol of prosperity in the ancient Indo-European culture, and worshiping of bulls and cows was common among the Slavs and their nobility in the ninth and tenth centuries.
The victory over the chthonic Serpent by young Nikita Kožemjaka, Dobrynja Nikitič, Aljoša Popovič and the fairytale Ivan (his mother’s son) reflects the mythology of age initiation rites. Youth initiation was interpreted in folklore as communication with the Netherworld, and the initiated adolescents were obliged to repeat the feat of the primordial hero in order to liberate themselves from the Serpent-kingdom. Being educated by the Serpent, they played the role of the Serpent-slayer. Their obligation to marry after the initiation completing is depicted as the rescue of a girl (princess) from the Serpent. The initiation rituals were still alive in the ninth and tenth centuries, and folklore and epic poetry (byliny) used the main feat of neophytes to depict the struggle of the growing Russian state against its external enemies.

In folklore texts some personages play great role in helping out the main
characters. We can name horses, dogs, birds and others in this line. In the texts of Azerbaijani folklore we may see the description of different birds such as white (at times blue) dove, owl, crane, peacock and etc. Simurgh, which has extraordinary appearance and function, appears in Azerbaijani folklore- in most of the tales, legends and eposes as savior bird rescuing helpless people out of difficult situations.

У даній статті показані різні аспекти формування, розвитку і деформації особистості «радянської людини», вченого, інтелектуала на прикладі роману Олександра Крона «Безсоння». У дослідженні порушені широкі шари радянської дійсності, а саме: висвітлено особливості проблеми передачі людських емоцій в умовах соціалістичного реалізму, проаналізовано низку прикладів, які демонструють риси особистості радянського вченого (головного героя роману) за допомогою розкриття його характеру і ставлення до дійсності в різних сюжетних ситуаціях. Особлива увага приділяється історико-культурному контексту, висвітленню теми міжособистісних відносин у СРСР і впливу побуту на самовідчуття «радянської людини». Одним з основних факторів впливу на становлення особистості в ХХ столітті стала Друга світова війна. У статті наведені приклади використання різних подій і обставин війни в якості психологічних маркерів. Акцентується автобіографічність сприйняття військової дійсності автором роману «Безсоння», О. Кр...

Метою статті є аналіз впливу «жіночого фактору» в родині генерального судді Василя Леонтійовича Кочубея (бл. 1640–1708 рр.), простежити роль жінок у підтримці соціально-політичної активності цієї родини в елітному середовищі Гетьманщини. Авторка на основі історичних джерел, повідомлень сучасників та історичних розвідок змальовує портрет його дружини Любові Кочубей (?–1722 рр.) та доньок. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на поєднанні загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) і спеціально-історичних методів (історико-структурний, історико-антропологічний, історико-порівняльний, просoпографічний) із принципами історизму, об’єктивності. Застосування цих методів дало змогу провести системний аналіз джерел, які у своєму взаємозв’язку допомогли охарактеризувати діяльність «жіночої» складової родини Кочубеїв, проаналізувати зв’язки між членами роду та їх оточенням. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що вперше здійснено комплексний аналіз становища жінок з родини В. Л. Кочубея, ...