Roman History

This article traces the rise of research on children in the Hebrew Bible (HB). While early contributions to the field provided foundational insights, this area of scholarship has gained significant ground over the last ten years. This article begins by reviewing seminal points for studying children in the HB. I explain why this study is critical for our understanding of the Bible, and clarify how we discern who is a child in the text and the ancient world. Since the word ‘childist’ is still new to many in the academy, I discuss the origin of this term, define it, and urge its adoption. Most of the article assesses scholarship on children in the HB, with an emphasis on publications that have emerged recently as well as works forthcoming (at the time of publication). The conclusion sketches some of the many areas in this scholarly field that are ripe for further exploration.

Reform of state administration during the reign of Augustus Roman law reflected in non-legal antic relics Abstract The period of the late republic and the early principate was a time of many political, social and legal changes in the history of the ancient Roman state. In a relatively short period of time, the old state institutes collapsed and were fundamentally reformed or replaced with new ones. This thesis mainly focuses on the issue of reforms in selected areas of public law, namely the areas of state administration, tax administration and financial administration. In the field of state administration, the attention is paid to the reform of the provincial order, which had to be adapted to the new constitutional order of the state in which the princeps dominated, and the beginnings of the centralized offices of the Roman Empire, which were founded by Augustus, and which, under the rule of his successors, were further formalized and expanded into highly specialized bureaucratic b...

In the wall paintings of the Roman period, architectural elements performed as a stonemason's work, stucco decoration, marbling or incrustation, as well as whole spatial-architectural entities were often imitated. This paper deals with architectural elements presented in the wall paintings of Sirmium, the centre of the Roman province of Pannonia, a colony and an imperial residence, whose remains are situated in the present-day Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia. It was founded in the second half of the 1st century BC and lasted until the Avarian attacks at the end of the 6th century AD.

Common ceramics constitute a very abundant material in the archaeological record. This study focuses on analyzing and statistically interpreting, from the perspective of archaeological material culture, the features of Roman coarse-ware ceramics from the Isturgi deposits (Andujar, Andalusia). The main goal of this research was to study ceramics from an archaeological perspective with reference to quantitative and qualitative aspects. The fragments of pottery belong to three essential types - kitchenware, tableware, and pottery for storage and transportation - and have different characteristics. The data set consists of 3,626 fragments of ceramics of Roman origin, divided in three clearly differentiated groups: 1) common calcareous ceramics, b) oxidized kitchen ceramics, and 3) reduced kitchen ceramics, having a very different quantity of fragments (1,635; 1,714; and 277, respectively) distributed in 16 excavation zones. The analysis of the information has been carried out on the bas...

Agrippa was elevated in 13 BC to a status of unofficial co-emperor with Augustus and enjoyed nearly all of the same legal rights (but lacking the religious powers Augustus had to fill openings in the religious colleges).  Dio is almost the only authority we have for this, although Velleius also hints at Agrippa's escalation.  Fortunately, surviving numismatic evidence very loudly corroborates Dio.  The issues of 13 BC celebrate Agrippa in a way that no other friend or heir of Augustus enjoyed, certainly not Tiberius.  We know from Velleius and Dio 54 that Agrippa Agrippa and Statilius Taurus held multiple priesthoods, a special honor usually reserved for the heir (Tiberius gave such honors to his sons and Sejanus, so did Claudius to Nero).  The coinage reflects this.  The elevation of Agrippa was necessary to make him the full partner in power, so that Agrippa could ensure the stability of the state, in case anything happened to Augustus.  Chapter 3 documents the coinage and messages on it that document Agrippa's jump in status in 13.

Agrippa was elevated in 13 BC to a status of unofficial co-emperor with Augustus and enjoyed nearly all of the same legal rights (without the religious powers Augustus had to fill openings in the religious colleges).  Agrippa was surely made a Pontifex and probably an Augur.  We know from Dio 54 he was already a Quindecimvir back in 17 BC.  Velleius says he and Statilius Taurus had multiple priesthoods.  The elevation of Agrippa was necessary to make him the full partner in power, so that in case anything happened to Augustus, Agrippa could ensure the stability of the state.  Chapter 3 documents Agrippa's rise, the reasons behind it, an the political and religious honors he received.  Coinage is the biggest testimony to Agrippa's jump in status in 13.  Had he lived longer to enjoy those honors, we might have seen much more redundant evidence of it in 12-10 BC.

The History and Function of the Ara Pacis Augustae 
  This chapter regards the excavation history and the story of how the Ara Pacis was reassembled.  Note that the ancient location (piazza San Lorenzo in Lucina) is 1 km away from the current museum.  A brief summary of Buchner's theory appears, but I do not accept it - and even if it was true, the build up of other structures on the Campus Martius would prevent the full effect of Buchner's sundial pointing to the Ara Pacis soon.  Ancient precedents for the Ara Pacis are considered, leading to the question of what event does the Ara Pacis procession depict and when?

The following essay describes and explains digital working at the text fragments of Fabius Pictor published by Karl Muller in 1849. For comparison reasons and as a control mechanism we also encoded the 2nd edition in 1914 of Hermann Peter. The texts were processed with XML Oxygen Editor in order to create digital editions of all of his known fragments. This approach allows for filtering the semantical information about persons, places, editorial techniques and characteristics. Also problems, questions and ideas of solutions were enumerated, everything in view of the coding of the text.

This thesis will investigate the conflicting political and power principles between the kingdom of God and the Roman Empire and how the modern church can take a stand on the modern expression of this conflict. The life of Christ, lived in relational submission to the kingdom of God, initiated and exemplified the kingdom of God as revealed in the gospels. This life and Kingdom are antithetical to the popular Roman political philosophy of the first century; a philosophy modern society has inherited. Yet without submitting to the political fundamentals of the kingdom of God, the church frequently falls back on models of political assumptions that Christ came to annihilate. Christ’s philosophy will be classified as the submissive apologetic and the Roman philosophy as the power apologetic.
These apologetics of the contrasting Kingdoms will be examined against three areas of political principles: authority, ethics, and expansion. The meaning and principles of the kingdom of God, as a political power, can only be understood by seeing the images associated with “Kingdom” in the mind of the first-century hearer. By elucidating political philosophies of the kingdom of God, from biblical accounts, the church can rid herself of the foundationalist political philosophies in the modern era, inherited from Rome, and thereby gain a clearer understanding of how surrendering to the Holy Spirit in a manner that exemplifies the life of Christ, even unto the cross, exemplifies the kingdom of God.

The present work analyses a small set of faunal remains recovered at Creiro, a roman industrial establishment, with fish salting tanks, located at Portinho da Arrabida (Setubal) and dated to the 1st to 5th century AD. The faunal remains were collected in stratigraphic units located at the salting tanks and at “Armazem 2”, these levels where deposited in a time of abandonment and deactivation of the industry. The observed elements correspond to marine invertebrates — bivalves and gastropods — with species common in the Portuguese coast such as the limpet (Patella sp.), mussel (Mytilus edulis) and oyster (Ostrea edulis), among others. It was also found vertebrate remains, the majority coming from mammals. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is the most frequent in the first phase of occupation and it’s substituted by cattle (Bos taurus) and caprine (Ovis aries and Capra hircus) in a second phase. More rare are the icthyological remains, with only two elements and birds represented by only t...

Hellenistik Devletler ve Roma İmparatorluğu Dönemi’nde Anadolu coğrafyasındaki Yahudi varlığının tespiti konusunun yöntemi üzerinde ciddi tartışmalar yapılmaktadır. Yahudi kültürü ile yerel halk kültürünü ayırmadaki zorluklar tartışmaların ana noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Küçük Asya Bölgesi, Yahudi örgütlenmesinin ve nüfusunun en etkin olduğu Diasporalardan birisidir. Yahudi varlığının daha iyi anlaşılması için bölge genelinde ilk bakmamız gereken iki Yahudi kültürel öğesinden bahsedebiliriz; birincisi Yahudi kültürüne yönelik atıflar, ikincisi ise ibadet merkezlerinden elde edilen malzemelerdir. Sardis Sinagogu hem Roma İmparatorluğu’nun şehir yönetimini anlamada, hem de şehirdeki Yahudi nüfusunun kültürel öğelerini görme noktasında bize oldukça değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Türkçe dışındaki dillerde yazılmış Sardis Sinagogu ve Küçük Asya Diasporası ile ilgili fazlaca çalışma bulunmakla birlikte Türkçe eserlerin çok kısıtlı olması Türk tarihçileri ve tarih öğrencileri açısından yabancı dillerdeki geniş literatür içerisinde kaybolmalarına ve konuya karşı ön yargılı davranmalarına sebep olmaktadır. Diğer yandan yurtdışında yapılan araştırmaların sinagog yapısını değerlendirme aşamasında Filistin Bölgesindeki Yahudi yaşamına fazlaca bağlı kalmaları Küçük Asya’daki Yahudi kültürünü anlama noktasında yanlış değerlendirmeler yapmalarına neden olmaktadır. Bölgeden bölgeye değişen kültürel öğelerin Yahudi dini anlayışını etkilediği unutulmamalıdır. Bu çalışma ile Sardis Sinagogu’nu ve Yahudi kültürünü tüm yönleriyle değerlendirmeye olanak sağlamayı ayrıca Küçük Asya içerisindeki Yahudi buluntuları ile Sardis Sinagogu’ndan elde ettiğimiz malzemeyi karşılaştırmalı değerlendirmenin önemini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

In my 2021 work entitled Ambrosius Aurelianus and the Apocalypse of King Arthur,  I showed that Gildas embedded three sets of  forty-four words into sentences of DE:25-26 of De Excidio Britanniae (DEB, DE:) in relation to the time after the siege of Badon in which he was writing. At that time, due to the pressures of completing that work, a full analysis of DE:25-26 dealing with Ambrosius and Badon was not undertaken. This short paper presents the Christiological numbers (33, 333, 888) embedded in DE:25/26 that confirm beyond doubt that Gildas intended to embed the numbers.

The Coptic book list P. Fay. Copt. 44 preserves two Greek loanwords, ⲥϯⲥⲓ (στίζειν) and ⲡⲉⲧⲁⲗⲟⲛ (πέταλον), whose exact meaning has been debated since the publication of the papyrus. The paper argues that the two terms may refer to the decoration of the bookbinding.

Στην εργασία αυτή εξετάζονται παροιμίες από το ψηφιακό αποθετήριο  (Αρχείο Παροιμιών) του ΚΕΕΛ, οι οποίες αφορούν τις σχέσεις εξουσίας κατά την περίοδο της  Τουρκοκρατίας. Η προσέγγιση είναι πολυεπίπεδη θίγοντας ζητήματα, όπως αυτά της διοίκησης, της φορολογίας και της δικαιοσύνης. Τα λήμματα αντλούνται από αντίστοιχα πεδία. Οι παροιμίες, αφενός με τον επικαιρικό και αφετέρου με τον ιστορικό -αλλά και σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις -με τον διαχρονικό  χαρακτήρα που τις διέπει, αναδεικνύουν ένα πολύπλοκο πλέγμα σχέσεων, που εκφράζει βαθύτερους κοινωνικούς και ανθρωπολογικούς προβληματισμούς.

This article contains the basic structural features of a same-named PhD research thesis. The main tasks of the research are to identify three focal fields with mythological elements, whether they are phenomena, objects, people, or creatures that some believe and others doubt exist. These focal fields are found in various collections of folk stories, and contemporary literary texts as well as in interviews with storytellers. However, the focus of this article is primarily on the introductory story and on providing the background of the general idea. The goal is to acquaint the readers with the background that explains the origin of the mentioned stories among the people. It talks about death, man’s natural fear of it, and the world of the paranormal, religious, and mythological, which combined create inexplicable phenomena that contradict the rational reasoning of man. One of the hypotheses of the research itself is to understand why this phenomenon is still present in the human community and what benefits it brings. Furthermore, the methodology used in the research includes a comparison and contrast of information between folk stories and contemporary literary works. In addition, the most important research method used is the interview technique with the aforementioned storytellers with strategically selected persons who are assumed to possess quality information.     
Keywords: myth, folk tales, mythological beings, supernatural events, paranormal, storytellers, Slavic mythology Discipline: cultural anthropology

تستهدف هذه الدراسة التعرف على اساليب المعالجة الاخبارية لأحداث التظاهرات العراقية في الصحافة الخليجية ضمن صحيفتي الشرق الاوسط السعودية والراية القطرية، والتعرف على حجم الاهتمام الذي تمنحه صحف العينة للتظاهرات العراقية ومدى التوجه الاعلامي للصحافة الخليجية اتجاه الاحداث العراقية ومعرفة الارتباط السياسي للدول التابعة لها صحف الدراسة من خلال انعكاس التناول الاخباري للأحداث ومعرفة سياسة الدولة على شكل واتجاه المعالجة الاخبارية.كما اعتمدت الدراسة على نظرية ترتيب الاولويات (الاجندة) كمدخل نظري لها، وتعدُّ هذه الدراسة من البحوث الوصفية، باستخدام المنهج المسحي بأسلوب المسح الشامل للتغطية الاخبارية للتظاهرات العراقية في صحيفتي الشرق الأوسط السعودية والراية القطرية كعينة ممثلة للصحف الخليجية خلال مدة الدراسة المذكورة. وتم استخلاص النتائج من البيانات المتاحة للوقوف على طبيعة المعالجة الاخبارية لأحداث التظاهرات العراقية لان تلك المعالجة كانت تركز على مظاهر الازمة من وجهة نظر القائم بالاتصال، وكانت تميل الى البحث في أسباب الظاهرة وكيفية مواجهة اثارها السلبية على المجتمع العراقي بشكل خاص وعلى الم...

How could ancient astronomers accurately calculate celestial phenomena on the scale of several centuries? The Table of Kings is a simple list of rulers with the duration of their reigns, which allowed Ptolemy to have a count of the years that had passed since the Babylonian king Nabonassar (8th century BC). Initially used for astronomy, this table captivated historians and chronology specialists from Antiquity. Rediscovered in Europe in the modern era, it is a crucial source for establishing a chronology of the Ancient Near East. The Table of Kings has always been a living text, modified by generations of scribes, completed over the centuries, sometimes up to the fall of Constantinople. This document with multiple lives is often quoted but has been little studied for its own sake. Historians of the Near East and specialists in the history of texts and sciences will find in this volume the first critical edition of Ptolemy's Table of Kings based on all known manuscript witnesses, accompanied by an investigation of the history of this document from its elaboration by Ptolemy to its use by modern historians.

Poems 7 and 8 from Book II of Ovid’s Amores appear to form an inseparable whole and have so been taken by Ovidian scholarship. However, studies pertaining to the relations between both texts and to the internal structure of each one of them have in general been limited to thematic approaches. In this article, we intend to re-examine their structure and relationship by focussing on Ovid’s use of vocabulary to craft such a complex and harmonious composition. Keywords: Ovid; Amores II.7 and II.8; vocabulary; structure; puns.

Neue Informationen zu einem altbekannten römischen Soldatengrabstein mit Inschrift aus der Bauphase des Bingerbrücker Bahnhofs (um 1860). Kombination der erhaltenen Reste (Inschrift und Oberteil des Grabsteins) mit dem fehlenden, nur in einer Zeichnung erhaltenen zentralen Bildfeld.

El oficio de la nodriza en el mundo romano ha suscitado un gran interés por parte de la investigación histórica en las últimas décadas, y ha generado una amplia bibliografía. En algunos de estos trabajos se han destacado las relaciones afectivas que se establecieron entre nutrices et nutriti, documentadas en la literatura, así como en la rica epigrafía de tipo principalmente funerario que ambos grupos se dedican entre sí. El objetivo de este texto es presentar las características generales de un conjunto no poco numeroso de inscripciones que permiten ver cómo se conmemoran respectivamente nutrices y nutriti. Igualmente se intenta mostrar cómo se construye la imagen de este vínculo través del registro epigráfico, mediante el uso de un léxico relacionado con el mundo de los afectos

L’article interroge la manière dont des morceaux de réalités américaines sont passés au XVIe siècle par une série de processus de médiatisations qui ont façonné la manière dont ils ont été intégrés dans le cadre français et qui ont participé à la construction des savoirs sur l’Amérique depuis l’Europe. La saisie du Nouveau Monde par sa matérialité interroge la manière dont différents fragments (d’une espèce, d’un territoire, etc.) du monde naturel et humain peuvent servir de support à la transformation d’une connaissance partielle en un savoir cohérent et élargi, sur un espace dont la particularité est d’être encore largement méconnu par les Européens.

Ouvrage à lire sur https://cham.fcsh.unl.pt/livros-coleccoes-detalhe.php?p=3429

That Roman dance culture was rich and vibrant is made abundantly clear in this book, both in Karin Schlapbach’s excellent lengthy introduction, and in the fourteen chapters of this book. This is an extremely useful collection of papers. Its contents and the numerous references to relevant literature will help put Roman dancing on the map. Schlapbach’s modestly expressed hope that this volume “will serve as an invitation to further study” will undoubtedly be fulfilled.

The Hunnic incursions into eastern and central Europe in the 4th and 5th c. CE have historically been considered one of the key factors in bringing the Roman Empire to an end. However, both the origins of the Huns and their impact on the late Roman provinces remain poorly understood. Here we provide a new, combined assessment of the archaeological, historical, and environmental evidence. Hunnic raids and warfare within the Roman provinces are most intensely attested for the first half of the 5th c. We propose that severe drought spells in the 430s to 450s CE disrupted the economic organization of the incomers and local provincial populations, requiring both to adopt strategies to buffer against economic challenges. We argue that the Huns’ apparently inexplicable violence may have been one strategy for coping with climatic extremes within a wider context of the social and economic changes that occurred at the time.

The relationship between Clodius Pulcher and Julius Caesar was a complex one, marked by both cooperation and conflict. However, their alliance was ultimately beneficial to both men. Clodius helped Caesar to rise to power, and Caesar helped Clodius to achieve his own political goals.

Clodius was a volatile and unpredictable individual, though, and he was often at odds with Caesar. In 62 BCE, Clodius was accused of sacrilege for allegedly attending the Bona Dea festival, which was reserved for women only. Clodius was alleged to have snuck into the ritual disguised as a woman to seduce Caesar's wife, Pompeia. Caesar was then the Pontifex Maximus, the chief religious official in Rome. He presided over Clodius's trial, but he refused to testify against him. This led to speculation that Caesar was involved in the scandal, or that he was at least sympathetic to Clodius.

But, what did Caesar have to gain from such a sacrilegious act? The answer may lie in a request made by Pompey, Caesar's political rival, to return to Rome after a successful campaign against the pirates in the eastern Mediterranean the same year. Pompey had been campaigning in the East for several years, and he had amassed a large army and a great deal of wealth. Caesar feared that Pompey would use his power and influence to seize control of the Roman government. Caesar's wife at the time, however, was Pompeia Sabina, the daughter of Quintus Poppaeus Sabinus, a close ally of Pompey's. So, it is possible that the Bona Dea incident in 62 BCE was contrived by Julius Caesar and Clodius Pulcher to diminish the power of Pompey and clear the way for Caesar to marry Calpurnia Piso, daughter of powerful Optimate, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.

Note: the copy uploaded here is the proofs version. Please email me for the final published version. How might we apply ideas of scale to letter writing in Late Antiquity? One way is to assess the scale of letter-writing based on the internal evidence provided by collections themselves: how many letters they contain, how many letters they refer to which no longer survive; and size and density of the social networks represented by the sender and recipient of the letter, and the friends, clients, and associates they chose to mention. This paper applies this approach to the books of letters of the fifth-century bishop Sidonius Apollinaris, focusing on the case study of Sidonius’ letter carriers as an example of how notions of scale can be usefully applied to letter writing.

Ao pensar a respeito das aproximações entre a História e os sentimentos humanos por meio da perspectiva dos estudos de gênero, propomos uma análise da educação das mulheres romanas em seu contexto social, pensando a educação como forma de empoderamento na sociedade romana, a partir do caso das mulheres da Gens Sempronia, especificamente Cornélia Africana e Semprônia Graco. Mulheres educadas, que despertavam sentimentos ambivalentes que iam da admiração ao desprezo, devido à educação e influências recebidas em seus contextos históricos. Desta forma, ao considerar a articulação de fatores de discriminação no processo de construção da imagem feminina, entendemos que a questão educacional "empodera" pois inclui as mulheres nos papéis sociais, levando à indignação por parte da sociedade romana patriarcal.

Two new reconstructions show a bird’s eye view of Vindonissa in the Late Celtic-Early Roman and Late Roman
periods respectively. Together with the revised representations of the fortress and post-fortress periods, they illustrate
the landscape and settlement development from the late 1st century BC to the 4th century AD (supplements
1–4). The current state of research is thus shown vividly.
Keywords: Vindonissa, reconstructions, late Celtic period, oppidum, late Roman period, castrum.

Das vorliegende Buch ist Begleitband und Ausstellungsführer zu einer interdisziplinären Lehrveranstaltung, die im Sommersemester 2022 an der Universität Trier mit den beteiligten Fächern Klassische Archäologie, der Alten Geschichte und der Papyrologie durchgeführt worden ist. Schwerpunkte waren die dedizierten Sammlungen der Universität Trier, die im täglichen Studienverlauf den Studierenden immer wieder neue Einblicke in Quellenmaterial, historische Fragen und generelle Hinterlassenschaft eröffnen. Darunter fallen in Trier aufbewahrte Papyri, Münzen und Kleinobjekte aus Kult, Religion und Tagesgeschäft. Die universitäre Vorbereitung der im Jahr 2023 beginnenden Ausstellung wurde durch Präsenz- und Online-Sitzungen bewältigt und ermöglichte den Studierenden erste Einblicke in Konzeption und Durchführung einer Ausstellung, Erfahrung im Verfassen von zur Publikation vorgesehenen Beiträgen sowie der schließlich in der Publikation mündeten Einblicke ins Tagesgeschäft des eingebundenen Verlags.

This extended bibliography includes more than 1400 books and articles on: gynaecology, female anatomy and physiology, gynecological pathology and therapy, obstetrics, midwifery, contraception, abortion, pregnancy, embryology, childbearing, childbirth, motherhood, breastfeeding, nursing, and pediatrics. For any corrections or additions, be free to contact me.

This thesis analyses the nature of Histria in Late Antiquity between the 3rd and the 7th century AD. Histria is chosen as a case study as it is the most comprehensively studied city in Scythia Minor for the period. The thesis has two focal points. Firstly, it investigates the evolution of the site in Late Antiquity. Secondly, it re-assesses the nature of Histria in terms of the divergent claims as proposed by Constantin Scorpan in 1980 and by Andrew Poulter in 1992 regarding the nature of the place and other cities in the region in Late Antiquity.

To achieve both aims, the thesis examines Histria in terms of its urban change and the transformation of both ecclesiastical and civic buildings and street networks in Late Antiquity. This is done within a chronological framework to assess the possible reasons for such change, such as Christianity, invasion, and urban reconstruction. In particular, the thesis concentrates on the Christianization of urban topography, and the inter-relationship between the extra- and intra-mural basilica churches there and Histria’s residential areas, in the context of the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity. By examining the effect of Christianity on the development of urbanism in the region, the thesis will favour the idea that the classical urban amenities lost their function of earlier periods as Christianity transformed the urban areas with significant landmarks, most especially the basilicas.