Urban History

This paper seeks to offer an assessment of the nature of identity among Poland's German minority and to investigate why since 1950 large numbers of that minority have migrated to Germany. It does so by examining the nature of identity in the historic Polish-German borderlands, by recounting the experiences of those Germans who remained behind in Poland after the post World War Two expulsion process was completed in 1949, and by examining the continued salience of negative stereotypes of Germans and Germany among elements of Polish society. The paper highlights a number of salient factors of importance for members of the minority in deciding whether or not to stay in Poland or to migrate to Germany.

Russian charity and the state system of support for the needy in the nineteenth century faced a number of problems, which hindered the construction of an effective system of social assistance. Their identification and subsequent analysis allow us to highlight the peculiarities of pre-revolutionary charity. The aim of the research is to study begging as a social phenomenon of the Russian society, drawbacks of arrange- ment and activities of charitable institutions and their influence on the formation of social policy in the empire. Using the Society for Visiting the Poor as an example, the article demonstrates the problems which Russian charity had to face in the mid-nineteenth century. The main attention of charity institutions in this period was aimed at solving the problem of professional begging, which was actively spreading in the capital. In order to reduce the number of the poor begging on the streets of the city and to support the needy, private and state social institutions tried to develop a mechanism for separating professional beggars from people who really needed help. The process of finding a new model for conducting charitable work that could solve emerging so- cial problems was accompanied by organizational difficulties. Charities were forced to constantly refine their operating principles according to evolving forms of professional begging. At the same time, private charity, which was more flexible and attentive to the interests of the needy, was in a more unstable position than public charity. The imperfection of private aid lay primarily in the financial instability of its institutions, which were not always able to cover the costs of the maintenance of the arranged institutions without state support. Another peculiarity of the activity of private institutions was the importance of moral and ethical values of the people who participated in charitable societies. The activity of such institutions, built on the voluntary and gratuitous work of their members, relied on the trust that was established between them. Such an order, on the one hand, increased the effectiveness of assistance due to the real interest of the society’s members in their work, on the other hand, it increased the possibility of destabilizing the institution, which was in direct dependence on the personal qualities of its members. The history of the Society for Visiting the Poor highlights the phenom- enon of begging in the capital and shows the general condition and development of charitable institutions in the mid-nineteenth century, which tried to build in a practical way a functioning system of social assistance in the Russian Empire.

Pecinan Pasar Lama merupakan permukiman yang menjadi cikal bakal dari kota Tangerang. Etnis Tionghoa masuk ke wilayah Tangerang tahun 1407 yang dipimpin oleh Tje Tje Lung. Perjanjian dengan Sanghyang Anggalarang menjadikan etnis Tionghoa mendapat sebidang tanah di sebelah timur sungai Cisadane yaitu Teluk Naga. Kedatangan etnis Tionghoa berikutnya pada saat terjadi pemberontakan etnis Tionghoa di Batavia, oleh pemerintah VOC disebar permukimannya dibeberapa wilayah Tangerang. Pecinan Pasar Lama yang terletak dilekukan sungai Cisadane, sekilas terlihat sama dengan pecinan lainnya yang berada di pinggir sungai. Namun pecinan Pasar Lama menjadi berbeda dengan adanya dua kelenteng pelengkap dari kelenteng Boen Tek Bio, yaitu Boen San Bio dan Boen Hay Bio yang memberikan makna bagi pecinan tersebut. Untuk mengetahui makna kelenteng–kelenteng tersebut bagi pecinan Pasar Lama maka diperlukan penggalian sejarah, budaya dan religi etnis Tionghoa. Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui makna ...

Purpose: In this paper we present Geocraft, a Geo-ICT framework meant to provide the information needed to support the development of smart cities in an accessible and user-friendly way. We explored whether Geocraft could be an effective way to get the people of the place, especially youth, involved in geospatial issues.Methodology/Approach:Geocraft is a virtual environment in which we import real geospatial data into the gaming environment of the popular computer game Minecraft. In Geocraft, we can run real-time impact models to virtually simulate ánd visualise future developments and their implications, providing the user with relevant information during design processes. Geocraft is linked to Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs); data generated or added in Geocraft can upgrade existing databases and SDIs. In four use cases, Geocraft is used by children and high school students to address spatial planning challenges with the help of Geocraft.Findings: Geocraft has an appropriate le...

El presente trabajo se inscribe en lo que algunos autores han dado en llamar el "giro espacial". En concreto, pretende analizar la relación entre calidad de vida y procesos migratorios en la ciudad de Neuquén hacia comienzos del siglo XXI. En términos metodológicos, se utiliza información brindada por el Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda de 2001 y cartografías temáticas elaboradas con Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Se propone un recorrido que presenta cinco momentos claramente definidos. En primer término, se brinda una aproximación al concepto de calidad de vida, sondeando posibles formas devolverlo operativo en aglomeraciones de tamaño intermedio. En segunda instancia, se explora el contexto en el que se produjeron significativas brechas en materia de bienestar. En tercer lugar, se examina la distribución espacial de la calidad de vida, distinguiendo aquellos principios que estructuraban el paisaje urbano neuquino. La cuarta sección del trabajo escruta la local...

El artículo analiza el desastre derivado en octubre de 1969 del desborde del río Tunjuelo, al sur de Bogotá, y que afectó a los habitantes de tres barrios populares ribereños del río. El desastre se analiza como un producto histórico de la interacción de dinámicas sociales y naturales que se expresan en diferentes temporalidades. Así, se analizan aquellos elementos que permiten entenderlo como un evento más dentro de una serie de continuidades. También se analiza la singularidad, aquello que permitió que el desastre se manifestara y posicionara ante el resto de la ciudad. Finalmente se exploran dinámicas que se vieron alteradas por la calamidad, es decir, se identifican discontinuidades en la relación entre el río, la ciudad y los habitantes. Las fuentes utilizadas consisten en registros de prensa, archivos institucionales e informes técnicos.

Community service activities carried out by STKIP Muhammadiyah Kuningan present downstream science and technology through programs directly to the community in Puncak Village, Cigugur District. The purpose of this community service activity is to carry out the Islamic (Islamic Religious Education) field program based on the results of a situation analysis and requests from the community. The method of community service activities uses focus group discussions (FGD) both internally as a Community Service Team (PKM) and with the Puncak Village community. The results of community service activities from the program that have been carried out consist of Islamic boarding school activities with character-building material (akhlaq), reading and writing the Koran. The history of Islamic culture (history of the Prophet Muhammad SAW), guidance on the Mosque Youth Association (IRMAS) with the material studied regarding the organization, learning, and public speaking, the implementation of other...

Lange bevor sie mit digitalen Apparaten zu kommunizieren begann, interagierte Architektur in und mit Netzen: als Medium unter Medien, das Zugänge, Anschlüsse und Abschirmungen organisiert – und Wissen, Subjektivität und soziales Verhalten ebenso verändert wie Klima und Umwelt.

Nos últimos anos, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro tem sido centro de uma série de eventos internacionais, tendo-se tornado a principal sede da Copa do Mundo 2014. Com base nisso, no presente estudo, investigamos como o papel do Rio de Janeiro enquanto cidade-sede da Copa do Mundo de 2014 foi significado por atores sociais da cidade. Para essa finalidade, acessamos as opiniões e os posicionamentos de cidadãos cariocas comuns e os de associações civis locais organizadas para monitorar a realização da Copa do Mundo. Como dados informativos, realizamos entrevistas e levantamos documentos que escrutinamos por meio de uma Análise de Discurso Foucaultiana. A noção foucaultiana de estética da existência serviu, assim, de lente teórica para a interpretação dos resultados que revelaram o entendimento da busca do Rio de Janeiro para inserir-se num contexto cultural e econômico globalizado, sem perder de vista traços que lhe são particulares e entendidos como valorizados mundialmente. Por outro lado...

Finnish artist A. Ahola-Valo spent 10 years in Soviet Belarus
(1920–1930). This period is considered the most fruitful in his work.
At first he worked and studied in Vitebsk, and from 1924 in Minsk. At this time, active cultural construction was taking place, the policy of Belarusization was being implemented, a system of science and education was being formed, a creative artistic environment was taking shape, and relations between the authorities and the creative elite were being built. The center of these processes was Minsk. In the Belarusian capital, Ahola-Valo was able to realize himself as an artist and sculptor (participation in All-Belarusian and international art exhibitions), a graphic artist (design of books, newspapers and magazines), graphic designer and decorator (preparation and design of rallies, parades, political carnivals, creation of art objects), architect. The article, based on a wide range of sources, examines the artist’s influence on the transformation of urban space.

Resum: No es coneix cap capbreu ni inventari detallat dels béns immobles que constituïren la porció del difunt vescomte de Bearn, Guillem de Montcada, arran de la conquesta de l'illa de Mallorca pels feudals (1229-1232), ni tampoc del repartiment que feu entre els seus porcioners i beneficiaris. Enfront d'aquest buit documental, sovint s'ha considerat el Memorial de ço que fou de Gastó de Bearn com una reminiscència del repertori d'aquella porció. El present article analitza les dues versions d'aquest manuscrit, una publicada i l'altra inèdita, intentant aportar llum al voltant de la seva autoria, datació, contingut, significació i transcendència.

Ab ovo usque ad mala - from eggs to apples. We know this metaphorical summary of ancient Roman feasts from Horace's satire,1 where the appetizer was the egg, and the final course was the fruit bowl – the apples  in Horace’s Latin satire. Classical literature is rich in references to feasts, which were not just about food. At Roman feasts, destinies were decided over ornate platters. The beauty and richness of life were heaped on the platters in delicious dishes, which had their own order - just as there is an order, sequence, and flow to human life.
Ab ovo usque ad mala - these two endpoints also symbolise our life. Birth is represented in many cultures by the egg, the beginning and symbol of life, and we finally fall as ripe fruit from the tree of life. Nevertheless, between these two endpoints, we are constantly on the move. In the process of our destiny, our goals can be considered intermediate stages, whether our goal is to embrace the lessons of the past or to pass on life to  plant seeds for the future. The ultimate goal of our lives can be  metaphysical rather than physical.
The history of mankind as a whole can also be seen as a feast without a definite beginning, whose appetizer or conclusion we cannot define. At this feast, life serves up at least as many bitter bites as it does many pleasures. One such bitter bite was the COVID-19-epidemic, which came as a shock to us, even though humanity has seen many devastating epidemics throughout history – as well as famine, war, and many other calamities over the millennia.
Still, history is a feast where the intermediate courses can be prepared not only by the host but also by the guests. Humanity's responses to epidemics have been vaccinations and medicines, to war the development of military and civilian technology, to famines agricultural technology and more efficient food production. Destinies and processes were entwined and shaped from the beginning of human history to the present day.
The ’Destinies and Processes’ Digital Conference2 and the resulting book were a response to the plague. The COVID-19-induced closures stimulated technological advances, reshaped workflows, made us aware of our vulnerabilities, and encouraged us to look for new solutions. The spread of the contagion demanded caution, making it impossible to meet in person – which could not be replaced by the virtual world. However, online conferences made intellectual encounters possible, and for young scientists and scientist designates, it became even more crucial than before. With the Destinies and Processes Digital Conference, the Historical Knowledge and Memorial Foundation (formerly known as the Society for Dissemination Historical Knowledge) has made these virtual meetings and lectures possible, thanks to the work of the main organiser, Krisztina Dóra Fodor. Now, this volume offers a selection of the intellectual fruits of the conference, with further studies for dessert available to all.
Ab ovo usque ad mala - the studies and reviews are special treats for the reader. We publish this volume in the hope that the intellectual delicacies served up by young scientists and scientist-designates will prove nourishing, and inspire further historical feasts for all of us who take a seat at the table of spirit with this volume in hand.
- The Editors

A kétrészes tanulmány a Magyar Királyság és utódállamai területi egyenlőtlenségeinek hosszú távú, történeti (1330–2010), finom felbontású (településszintű) összehasonlító bemutatására tesz kísérletet. Az 5 időmetszetre (1330, 1720, 1786, 1910, 2010) összegyűjtött adatok lehetővé teszik a közel 300 ezer négyzetkilométernyi terület vizsgálatát. A hozzáférhető szakirodalom szerint hasonló nagyságú területre kiterjedő, településsoros adatokon alapuló, ekkora időtávot felölelő vizsgálatnak Európában nincsenek előzményei. A szerzők, korábbi eredményeik, továbbá Acemoglu és Robinson munkája alapján abból indulnak ki, hogy a jelenlegi fejlettségi különbségek részben a múltban gyökereznek, valamint a múltbeli okok és folyamatok ismerete segíthet a regionálisan testre szabott és feltételezhetően sikeresebb fejlesztési politikák kialakításában. A 1910 és 2010 viszonylatában jól értelmezhető (és eltérő politikai magyarázatok megfogalmazását lehetővé tevő) jelenség elemzésének korábbi történeti korokra (gazdasági, társadalmi és politikai rendszerekre) való kiterjesztése egyben az egyes régiók útfüggősége mértékének (az inerciának) vizsgálatát is lehetővé teszi. A tanulmány második része tehát a kiválasztott indikátorok alapján készült kompozit fejlettségi állapottérképeken mutatja be a perifériák korspecifikus elhelyezkedését az öt, gazdasági-politikai rendszert és társadalomszerkezetet is jelképező időmetszetben (1330, 1720, 1786, 1910, 2010), és összeveti az így kapott ismereteket az előzetes a történeti tudással. Majd pedig az időmetszetek különbségtérképein az egyes történeti korokra (középkor – török uralom hatása; országrekonstrukció – felvilágosult abszolutizmus; reformkor – dualizmus kori polgári társadalom; területi átrendeződés – európai integráció) jellemző területi folyamatok jellegét és mértékét mutatja be és elemzi. We are attempting a longitudinal, historical (1330–2010), fine resolution (settlementlevel) comparative analysis in this study of the territorial inequalities in the Kingdom of Hungary and its successor states. Data collection over the last 8 years in 5 timehorizons (1330, 1720, 1786, 1910, 2010) allows the study of almost 300 000 km2 through our databases containing 7 million entries. A study covering such a time span, based on settlement level data series covering an area of similar size is unknown in Europe. The authors, based on their previous results and the work of Acemoglu and Robinson, suggest that current inequalities and differences in development are partly rooted in the past and the knowledge of past causes and processes could help in designing regionally tailored and presumably more successful development policies. Extending the analysis of this well understood phenomenon, in relation to 1910 and 2010 (allowing different political narratives) to earlier historical periods (economic, social and political systems) makes possible an examination of the degree of path dependency (inertia) of each region, too. In the second part of the paper, we will identify, on composite development maps, based on selected indicators, the location of peripheral regions in the five time-horizons (1330, 1720, 1786, 1910, 2010; also symbolising the socio-economic and political systems and social structures), and compare the results with prior historical knowledge. Then, creating the difference maps of the consecutive time horizons, we are illustrating and analysing the nature, extent and dynamism of regional processes (i.e. peripherization) that characterise each historical period (impact of the medieval Turkish rule; Reconstruction – Enlightened absolutism; Reform-era – Dualist bourgeois society; territorial reorganisation – European integration).

A tanulmány célja, hogy leírja és elemezze a területi különbségeket Erdélyben a 18. század közepén, az új adórendszer bevezetése előtt. Az 1750-es összeírás társadalmi-gazdasági jelenségeinek elemzése alapján több mint 1500 települést csoportba soroltunk jellemzőik hasonlósága alapján. A klaszterelemzés lehetővé teszi a kutató számára a térbeli mintázatok (szétszórt vagy koncentrált) azonosítását, valamint a létrehozott csoportok sajátos, megkülönböztető jellemzőinek azonosítását. Bár a módszert a történelemkutatásban ritkán alkalmazzák, különösen a régi adathalmazok esetében, a velejáró problémák miatt, megpróbáltuk kihasználni az előnyeit a következő jelenségek vizsgálatára: (1) egybeesik-e a klaszterek térbeli mintázata a három politikai nemzet (+románok) elhelyezkedésével, vagy sem (ez utóbbi esetben a társadalmi-gazdasági különbségek nem voltak annyira egyértelműek, hogy etnikai alapú törésvonalakat hozzanak létre); (2) a társadalmi-gazdasági mutatók átlagértékei alapján a haso...

a tradición cartográfica es un área de estudio que permite comprender tanto las características de un territorio como la solución de los problemas gráficos y conceptuales que abordan los cartógrafos. Estas narrativas son instrumentos de poder mediante los cuales se planea la disposición del espacio urbano en beneficio de diversos intereses. En el caso de Ibagué existen cuatro momentos fundamentales de generación cartográfica en torno a modelos de ordenamiento territorial en 1935, 1966, 2000 y 2014. Sin embargo, en los intervalos se han generado enfoques patrimoniales (1942), humanistas (1958), restituciones cartográficas sobre la colonia (1987), aproximaciones a modelos de inversión económica (1970-1972) y propuestas turísticas (1999, 2002). Su presentación y análisis se aborda a través de una metodología histórica que atiende al concepto de la cartología, con lo cual procura un aporte para que las decisiones futuras incorporen la sensatez con las dinámicas históricas de Ibagué.

Existe un vacío sobre la historia e influencia de la producción gráfica en la imagen de la ciudad de Ibagué, por lo que se presenta un análisis de la imagen de ciudad y sus transformaciones a partir de la tipografía y las tendencias artísticas que se encuentran en algunos de los establecimientos comerciales ubicados en el centro de la ciudad. Para ello, se analiza el desarrollo visual a través de las piezas gráficas presentes en la arquitectura, de acuerdo con las fotografías del Archivo de Memoria Visual de la biblioteca Darío Echandía del Banco de la República,
que constituye la principal fuente testimonial de las transformaciones de la ciudad. El recorte cronológico está determinado por la presencia de elementos de diseño gráfico
en estas fotografías. Se pretende aportar al reconocimiento
de las fuentes tipográficas que se han implementado en una
de las zonas comerciales del centro de la ciudad, de las
transformaciones visuales a partir de su uso y contribuir en
la documentación del desarrollo y evolución del diseño, que
ha configurado la arquigrafía o imagen de la ciudad a través
de la gráfica.

Many free imperial cities played a central role in the early events of the German Reformation(s). These same cities were among the constituencies that had shaped – and been shaped by – the processes dubbed “imperial reform” (Reichsreform) by historians: discussions about and implementations of governance at the highest level in the Holy Roman Empire. This article explores the relationship between the imperial cities and imperial reform in the fifteenth century and in the early phase of the Reformation (1517–32). It argues that “imperial reform” – a historiographical construct – is best conceived as a shared discourse of peace (friden), justice (recht), and order (ordnung) associated with the new institutions created in the Empire in the crucial decades around 1500. Imperial reform remained central to the urban governments’ political agendas even as evangelical teachings spread in the years after 1517, legitimizing them and offering leverage at a time of growing tension.