Early Modern History

Une recherche menée en 2021 dans les archives de l’Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon, société savante datant du début du xviiie siècle, a mis en évidence un ensemble de textes témoignant de l’existence de liens entre la Russie et Lyon avant la fondation de l’université locale (1896) et avant la création de la première chaire de slavistique lyonnaise (1920). Ces documents sont de trois natures différentes : lettres (de Russie ou sur la Russie), mémoires manuscrits et enfin discours, ayant donné lieu à publication ou non. Parmi ces textes, on trouve trace de deux ardents patriotes russes, l’un venu d’Ukraine et l’autre de Pologne. Le médecin Danilo Samojlovič (1742-1805) devient en 1785 associé de l’Académie de Lyon pour assurer la promotion et la diffusion de ses idées nouvelles sur le traitement de la peste. Karolina Oleśkiewicz est pour sa part l’auteur d’un long manuscrit intitulé Révélations sur la Russie, portrait légitimiste de sa patrie d’adoption rédigé en...

In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540–1580), suckling princes. The aim of this review is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the infants, who were children of Philip II (16th century). A scoping review is presented, studying documents on wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy. The dialectical structural model of care (DSMC) is applied, and three thematic blocks are used to make up the historical-cultural model. Books, chapters and databases were analysed from Cuiden, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January–September 2021. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip I...

This article analyses the assassination practices of the Council of Ten of the Republic of Venice, with special reference to the plots organised by the Council to kill Sigismund, King of Hungary and future emperor. Th e article explores the context of the conspiracies, the language used by the Council to justify them, and the legal and normative issues raised by the Council's assassination policy. Th e article shows that the Council resorted to the assassination of foreign sovereigns when it perceived that the Republic's interests were seriously threatened. As an ideal type, this kind of organised, institutionalised and state-sponsored assassination practice, approved through established procedures by rotating Council members within the stable political structure of the Republic, can be distinguished from other typologies of political murder, notably those ordered in the context of court intrigues, where the «public» nature of the act was less visible.

55 1 ÚVOD Oblastí našeho dlouhodobého výzkumu je střední tok Svratky. Výzkum je zaměřen především na postižení etap geomorfologického vývoje údolí středního toku řeky Svratky za pomoci zejména inventarizace říčních teras (jejich výšek a petrografického složení), vyhodnocování geologických vrtů v oblasti, užití některých geofyzikálních metod apod. Údolí Svratky mezi Brnem a Veverskou Bítýškou je z geomorfologického hlediska poměrně zajímavé – zejména proto, že se jedná o výrazně vertikálně rozčleněný reliéf, na svazích se vyskytují pozůstatky říčních teras, linie toku vykazuje určité známky tektonického ovlivnění a okolní svahy vykazují známky různého stáří vývoje. Oblast údolí řeky Svratky nebyla v minulosti podrobena tak intenzivnímu zkoumání jako její soused, a to údolí řeky Svitavy. Výzkumné práce týkající se geomorfologie údolí střední Svratky (konkrétně údolí mezi Brnem a Veverskou Bítýškou) nicméně existují. Intenzivně se výzkumu údolí Svratky v tomto úseku věnoval např. ZAPLE...

Az amerikai nemzeti önmeghatározás szerves része a küldetéstudat, az Isten kiválasztott népeként feladatot kapott nemzet történelmi fejlődésútja, mely először a puritán kivándorlásban nyilvánul meg. A különlegességtudat, a vallásos háttér és az óhaza hibáinak meghaladása mellett leginkább a forradalomban kikristályosodott és alkotmányba foglalt szabadság- és demokráciaeszményekből és azok terjesztéséből táplálkozik. Ezek szorosan összeforrottak az idők folyamán, Woodrow Wilson a küldetést már úgy definiálta, hogy Amerikának „a világot biztonságossá kell tennie a demokrácia számára”. Azonban a puritánokról és szerepükről alkotott véleménykülönbségek mellett abban konszenzus van, hogy a John Winthrop által 1630-ban meghirdetett politikai-társadalmi rendszer és erkölcsi normák az amerikai történelmi fejlődés meghatározó alapkövei, a winthropi „város a hegyen” pedig az amerikai különlegességtudat, az „excepcionalizmus” elsődleges kifejeződése.

Scaleboard, thin strips or leaves of wood, was used in printing for various purposes, notably to provide interlinear spacing, as well as in bookbinding. This article explores the nature, manufacture and history of scaleboard, and its uses inside and outside the printing industry from the late medieval period to the turn of the twentieth century.

Este estudio sobre legación polaca en la corte de Carlos II durante el reinado de Juan III Sobieski (1674-1696) revela la modulación de espacios de comunicación con connotaciones especiales para la actuación política, así como las estrategias diplomáticas desplegadas por el soberano polaco para obtener, por un lado, recursos con que sufragar los gastos militares de la guerra contra el Turco; y, por el otro, la promoción de su familia a dignidades tan significativas como el Toisón de Oro, aprovechando los lazos de sangre que, con Madrid, Viena, Lisboa y Parma, trajo consigo el matrimonio de su primogénito con una hija del duque de Neoburgo y Elector Palatino

This paper aims mainly at the identification of the specific notion of liberty in the early modern Central-Eastern political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth where a very peculiar phenomenon of the “noble republic” with the concept of its popular sovereignty occurred in the 16th century. To do so, in endeavours to apply the contextualist methodological approaches of the Cambridge School to the main patterns of the so called republican myth of two thinkers that are considered as its original creators – Stanisław Orzechowski and Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski. Analysing the political discourse of the Polish noble thinkers with a focus on their concept of liberty, this study aims to demonstrate the presence of specific inherent connection between the concept of freedom and republican constitutional thought (i.e. the republican tradition standing out the traditional Berlin-Constant dichotomy of liberty) even in the non-Western canon of political thought and thus not only to revise classical East-Western stereotypes from the Enlightenment, but also suggest possible comparative research of republican liberty in Central-Eastern European context.

The study will analyse the corpus of the so-called “Frontier Letters” dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, which provide proof of the interconnectedness between the frontiers of Habsburg Slavonia and Ottoman Bosnia. The primary focus of the analysis will be on the communication of border elites, and through this lens, the letters will be broadly divided into two categories. The first category, which may be referred to as “business correspondence,” illustrates the existence of distinct customary practices that were upheld and regulated by both sides in order to facilitate exchanges and the ransom of prisoners. The second category of letters, which pertains to “interpersonal communication,” reveals friendly relationships, mutual respect, and a shared understanding of the concept of honor among the elites, as well as instances of dispute resolution and mutual assistance. Finally, moving away from the elite sphere and towards the perspectives of the general population, the study will briefly delve into the unfortunate circumstances of individuals who, having been captured in enemy territory, sought to secure ransom and to regain freedom through letters.

La sociologie du crime, décrivait les « vrais crimes » comme les actes qui sont dirigés contre l'ordre familial, religieux ou politique, en ce qu'ils heurtent les consciences collectives 1. Les crimes contre « la chose publique » font ainsi partie des infractions les plus graves parce ce sont ceux qui suscitent la plus forte réaction sociale, notamment de l'État. Ils tiennent alors une place centrale dans l'histoire de la répression étatique puisqu'ils ont longtemps été mobilisés pour punir plus sévèrement et différemment ceux considérés comme des « ennemis publics ». Héritiers, en ce qui concerne la France, du crime de « lèse-majesté » qui sanctionnait tout à la fois les atteintes à la vie du roi, à la monarchie et à la « chose publique », les crimes politiques sont créés dans le cadre d'une crise majeure-la Révolution française-et visent à consolider la République naissante en sanctionnant les « traîtres », les « comploteurs » et les « révoltés contre les biens ou l'autorité publique » 2. Plus généralement, les infractions politiques naissent dans le double contexte de la priorité accordée au maintien de l'ordre et de l'émergence de la notion de « sûreté de l'État » 3 .

Representation of Lithuania's History in the Eighteenth-Century Silvae Rerum Existing studies on the historical knowledge of the nobility within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth primarily rely on printed sources. However, these studies often overlook the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, focusing on the Kingdom of Poland instead. This article aims to present Lithuania's history as depicted in the silvae rerum of eighteenth-century noblemen. Through scientific investigations, it is evident that descriptions of Lithuanian history were less frequent compared to Polish history. The period covered in these descriptions typically ranges from the origin narrative (ethnogenetic legend) to the reign of Władysław Jagiełło. Notably, the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty is incorporated into the history of Poland. By comparing the noblemen's silvae rerum with historiographical works, both from the 18 th century and earlier periods, the article examines the sources of the nobility's historical knowledge. The analysis reveals the continued influence of works by Maciej Stryjkowski and Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz, while also acknowledging the impact of eighteenth-century writers such as Kasper Niesiecki, Władysław Łubieński, and Franciszek Paprocki on the historical content of the silvae rerum.

In order to obtain the optimal electrode layout and ice melting effect of cast conductive asphalt concrete steel bridge deck pavement, firstly, pouring conductive asphalt concrete was prepared; secondly, different electrode materials and layout methods were selected to test the heating rate of the specimen from start to 120 min, and the electrode materials and layout methods were optimized. Then, the finite element analysis software ANSYS was used to build the model for heating and ice melting simulation, and the indoor test was used to further verify the ice melting effect of the cast conductive asphalt coagulation with or without the insulation layer. Finally, the thermal-structural coupling analysis of cast conductive asphalt concrete steel bridge deck pavement was carried out using ANSYS finite element software. The results showed that the stainless steel electrode material had the best heating effect, and the electrode thickness in the range of 0.1~3 mm had no effect on the hea...

On a longtemps fait de l’Espagne la principale source de l’or en France à partir du XVIe siècle. Il est cependant désormais attesté que les Normands qui trafiquaient avec le Golfe de Guinée depuis les ports d’Honfleur, du Havre et de Rouen, pouvaient en rapporter en quantité : certaines années, c’était bien plus que le Portugal lui-même, pourtant officiellement possessionné en Afrique. Dès lors, il semble y avoir corrélation entre retour des navires et activité de la Monnaie de Rouen. Afin de mieux cerner le phénomène identifié dans des archives variées et complémentaires, les auteurs de cet article ont en outre initié un programme d’analyses élémentaires de pièces de monnaie afin de tenter de déterminer l’origine de l’or délivré en Normandie, particulièrement à Rouen.

Many free imperial cities played a central role in the early events of the German Reformation(s). These same cities were among the constituencies that had shaped – and been shaped by – the processes dubbed “imperial reform” (Reichsreform) by historians: discussions about and implementations of governance at the highest level in the Holy Roman Empire. This article explores the relationship between the imperial cities and imperial reform in the fifteenth century and in the early phase of the Reformation (1517–32). It argues that “imperial reform” – a historiographical construct – is best conceived as a shared discourse of peace (friden), justice (recht), and order (ordnung) associated with the new institutions created in the Empire in the crucial decades around 1500. Imperial reform remained central to the urban governments’ political agendas even as evangelical teachings spread in the years after 1517, legitimizing them and offering leverage at a time of growing tension.

Painted in 1576, Jacopo Bassano’s 'The Flood of the Colmeda' commemorates a deluge that swept through the small town of Feltre, in the mountains to the north of Venice, in 1564. Drawing attention to aspects of 'The Flood of the Colmeda' that evoke period speculation about the potential human causes of flooding on the Venetian mainland, a topic of increasing concern during a period of aggressive agricultural and industrial expansion in Venetian territory, this article advances an ecocritical interpretation of the painting and of Bassano’s work, in general.