Medieval History

In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540–1580), suckling princes. The aim of this review is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the infants, who were children of Philip II (16th century). A scoping review is presented, studying documents on wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy. The dialectical structural model of care (DSMC) is applied, and three thematic blocks are used to make up the historical-cultural model. Books, chapters and databases were analysed from Cuiden, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January–September 2021. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip I...

The paper deals with the iconology of the representations of the investiture with a weapon and crown performed by God and his agents (angels, military saints, etc.) in Byzantine art. It concludes that such representations appear, on one level of meaning, as an interpretative key for two crucial "stages" in the making of an emperor and for the complex nature of imperial dignity. On one hand, they are essentially reminiscent of the military, and on the other, of the civilian aspects of that process, as well as of the power established as its result, by the grace and with the involvement of God. But, all direct references to the ritual underpinnings of that process were removed from the images which gave insight into the metaphysical reality. These images did not serve to commemorate a particular historical event. Their purpose was to glorify the triumphal, epiphanic nature of the Christian emperorship as such.

Reform of state administration during the reign of Augustus Roman law reflected in non-legal antic relics Abstract The period of the late republic and the early principate was a time of many political, social and legal changes in the history of the ancient Roman state. In a relatively short period of time, the old state institutes collapsed and were fundamentally reformed or replaced with new ones. This thesis mainly focuses on the issue of reforms in selected areas of public law, namely the areas of state administration, tax administration and financial administration. In the field of state administration, the attention is paid to the reform of the provincial order, which had to be adapted to the new constitutional order of the state in which the princeps dominated, and the beginnings of the centralized offices of the Roman Empire, which were founded by Augustus, and which, under the rule of his successors, were further formalized and expanded into highly specialized bureaucratic b...

This article analyses the assassination practices of the Council of Ten of the Republic of Venice, with special reference to the plots organised by the Council to kill Sigismund, King of Hungary and future emperor. Th e article explores the context of the conspiracies, the language used by the Council to justify them, and the legal and normative issues raised by the Council's assassination policy. Th e article shows that the Council resorted to the assassination of foreign sovereigns when it perceived that the Republic's interests were seriously threatened. As an ideal type, this kind of organised, institutionalised and state-sponsored assassination practice, approved through established procedures by rotating Council members within the stable political structure of the Republic, can be distinguished from other typologies of political murder, notably those ordered in the context of court intrigues, where the «public» nature of the act was less visible.

Svenskene har utgitt en liten bok om forsvarsvilje. De har i tillegg søkt om NATO-medlemskap. Russlands eskalering 24. februar 2022 av krigen som har pågått siden våren 2014, har gjort en bok som for få år siden var nærmest utenkelig utenfor en liten krets av spesielt interesserte, til noe helt normalt. Boken har et tydelig budskap, den er grundig, interessant, provoserende og lett å lese. The Swedes have published a little book on will to defend. They have also applied for NATO membership. Russia’s escalation 24 February 2022 of the war that began in the spring of 2014, has made a book that for just a few years ago would have been almost unthinkable outside a small circuit of converts, to something ordinary. The book has a message, it is thorough, interesting, provocative, and easy to read.

Throughout historical ages, Gaza has been viewed amongst the most important cities of Palestine. The historic centre of Gaza is among the most important sites in the city as it bustles with business activities and is the place of major historic sites, and cultural and architectural legacy in the region. The city of Gaza used to have several public baths which were built to meet the hygiene and health needs of the local inhabitants. Furthermore, they played an important social role as gathering places for socio-cultural events, parties and meetings. It is most unfortunate that a large number of these baths have disappeared, apart from the Samarah bath in Al Zaitoun neighbourhood at the heart of the old city. Hence, the preservation of this unique genuine heritage building is of high importance. This paper attempts to establish key scenarios to integrate the hammām into the Old City urban fabric. The study is based on the hypothesis stating that a sustainable approach can be achieved ...

Nuno Álvares Pereira is one of the most well-known Iberian figures of the late Middle Ages, not least due to the posthumously produced and anonymous Crónica do Condestabre, which purports to recount his deeds. This article examines the Crónica's presentation of some of the most pressing military issues of the period, as they are refracted through the material of Nuno Álvares's life, including the treatment of prisoners of war; military justice; respect for the Church during wartime; perception of Just War; military ethos and chivalric behavior, all in a comparative perspective regarding works of the same genre.

Tarihçilik tarih incelemeleri yapma işi şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Tarih felsefesinin konuları arasında bulunan tarihçilik meselesi ve tarihin bir bilim olup olmadığı konusu hala tartışılan bir konudur. Tarihçilik ile ilgili ilk olarak düşünülmesi gereken ise tarih yazıcılığıdır. Batıda tarih yazıcılığı konusu geleneksel olarak Herodotos ve Thukydides ile Eski Yunan’a; Livius, Tacitus ve Plutarkhos ile de Roma İmparatorluğu’na kadar uzanır. İslami gelenekte ise tarihçilik daha çok biyografik çalışmalar şeklinde başlamıştır.
Bu araştırmada yükseköğretim kurumlarında lisansüstü eğitim kapsamında hazırlanmış olan tezler üzerinden tarihçilik ile ilgili bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışma doküman inceleme ve tarama yöntemiyle ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sınırları ise Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi’nde yapılan taramada elde edilen tamamlanmış olan ve tarihçilik konusunu ele alan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleridir. Konuyla ilgili ilk çalışma 1996 yılında son çalışma ise 2019 yılında yapılmıştır. Ulusal Tez Merkezi’nde bu tarihler arasında tarihçilik ile ilgili bulunan 19 tez incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Ancak 2006 yılı öncesindeki tezlerin bir kısmının Yükseköğretim Kurulu tarafından lisansüstü tezlerin sisteme yüklenmesi ile ilgili bir zorunluluk getirilmediği için sisteme yüklenmediği saptanmıştır. Bu tezler TUBES üzerinden temin edilerek incelemeye dahil edilmiştir.
Çalışmada ele alınan problem tarihçilik ile ilgili lisansüstü tezlerde bahsi geçen amaç ya da problem durumuna sonuç bölümünde ulaşılıp ulaşılamadığı ve kendisinden önce konuyla ilgili lisansüstü çalışmalara atıf yapılıp yapılmadığı şeklindedir. Bununla lisansüstü tezlerin amacına ne kadar ulaşabildiği ve kendisinden sonraki çalışmaları ne kadar etkilediği sonucuna ulaşmaktır.

This article is devoted to the Derivation and formation features of pharmacological terminology. Pharmacological terminology is one of the specific strata of vocabulary that occupies a special place in the language system, which is explained by its structural-semantic, word-formation and stylistic features. In recent decades, there has been an acceleration in the process of internationalization of pharmacological terminology. The source of internationalization in the terminological system of medicine is the morphemes of classical languages ​​such as Latin and Greek; previously borrowed general literary words and then terminologically rethought and borrowing finished terminological units. For the vast majority of European languages, this source is mainly English pharmacological terminology and contain approximately more than 10 000 terms.

The year 2020 marks the bicentenary of a revolution in the manner in which books were published in England, and soon enough around the world, for 1820 was the year in which the first publisher's binding in cloth probably appeared. The first books published in cloth are often said to be the series of miniature, diamond-type 'classics' issued in London by William Pickering from 1820, and indeed Pickering is often credited with the 'invention' of publisher's cloth, albeit sometimes at a date later in the 1820s. This article examines the evidence for Pickering's role in the introduction of cloth as a uniform binding material, and attempts to separate the truth from the legend, to understand the nature of early bookcloth and the form and structure of those first publisher's cloth bindings, and to place the innovation in its historical context.

Հանդեսի նպատակն էր ընթերցողներին ծանոթացնել հայ և համաշխարհային արվեստի դասականների գործերին և հետաքրքրություն առաջացնել հայ արվեստագետների նկատմամբ: Հոդվածի շրջանակում ուսումնասիրեցինք 1950 թվականի «Գեղունի» հանդեսի էջերում զետեղված կերպարվեստի 6 ծավալուն հոդված, մանրամասն ներկայացրինք և վերլուծեցինք դրանցում բարձրացված կերպարվեստի հարցերը, տվեցինք բովանդակային նկարագիր: Բանալի բառեր՝ Գեղունի, կերպարվեստ, Գրիգոր Շլդյան, սփյուռքահայ արվեստ, Վերածննդի դարաշրջան, արծաթագործություն, քանդակագործություն, Բասսանո:

Traditionally, dental identification techniques are used to establish identity or assist in reconstructing an individual's biological profile. However, other aspects of identity, namely socioeconomic status (SES), can be estimated through teeth. This work aims to evaluate the influence of SES on third molar agenesis in a Portuguese population. X-rays from 448 subjects (223 belonging to a high and 225 to a low socioeconomic status) were assessed and demographic data (age, sex) and dental history were registered. Frequencies and associations between the variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. For each group, differences between third molar agenesis were studied using the Wilcoxon test. The significance level was 5%. X-rays displaying at least one agenesis were more common in females (in both SES groups). Differences between socioeconomic status were found in female subjects' upper right and lower left third molars, with a higher frequency of agenesis in the lower SE...

Seed composition is one of the most important determinants of the economic values in soybean. The quality and quantity of different seed components, such as oil, protein, and carbohydrates, are crucial ingredients in food, feed, and numerous industrial products. Soybean researchers have successfully developed and utilized a diverse set of molecular markers for seed trait improvement in soybean breeding programs. It is imperative to design and develop molecular assays that are accurate, robust, high-throughput, cost-effective, and available on a common genotyping platform. In the present study, we developed and validated KASP (Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction) genotyping assays based on previously known functional mutant alleles for the seed composition traits, including fatty acids, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, and lipoxygenase. These assays were validated on mutant sources as well as mapping populations and precisely distinguish the homozygotes and hete...

l Friuli, per la sua posizione a ridosso delle Alpi, fu per tutto il Medioevo un’area di frontiera, una delle periferie ‘spurie’ del mondo italofono. Nelle vie, nelle piazze e sotto le logge cittadine della regione, mercanti friulani, toscani, veneti e tedeschi facevano quotidianamente affari in una babele di lingue, usi e pratiche commerciali e contabili differenti. Il volume, frutto di un’approfondita ricerca negli archivi friulani, analizza la documentazione e i metodi gestionali utilizzati dagli operatori attivi nell’area, aprendo nuove prospettive sull’economia regionale tra XIV e XV secolo. Il quadro che emerge, fortemente diverso da quello sinora delineato dalla storiografia, evidenzia la grande flessibilità di forme e linguaggi commerciali, che consentì di superare i divari linguistico-culturali di questo territorio.

A quite established mainstream narrative in economic history has focused on long-distance trade and its main logistical, financial and exchange hubs. Furthermore, from a theoretical standpoint, the institutionalist approach to economic history emphasized the importance of the reduction of transaction costs as a pre-condition for economic development. Late-medieval Friuli, a region strategically situated between Venice and the German-speaking lands, proves to be a fruitful case study to test such assumptions. With this contribution I will try to demonstrate that transaction costs (especially customs and regional/state fiscality), rather than eliminated, could also be avoided, and exploited and might have even been a stimulus to economic integration on an interregional level.

En la investigacion historica que se presenta en este libro se analiza la actitud del Cardenal Cisneros ante la muerte en el contexto de las crisis que sacuden a Europa, y, en concreto, a la Corona de Castilla, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1450 y 1550. Asimismo se estudian las respuestas a las crisis imaginadas por el poder, que encarna Cisneros, y el correspondiente proceso de normalizacion, que se inicia en el reinado de los Reyes Catolicos y que culmina en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. Un primer aspecto es la decisiva influencia ejercida en la vida y obra de Cisneros por la muerte ajena, que le lleva a la regencia de Castilla. Por otra parte, su propia muerte es el episodio final de un largo proceso de tensiones politicas crecientes motivadas por la creacion, durante su regencia, de dos centros de poder, en Castilla y en Flandes. Dos rasgos de su personalidad, destacados por sus contemporaneos, fueron su temor a la muerte y su obsesion por controlarlo todo, que estan es...

In this paper, I treat the subject concerned with the theory of Suppositio in the Mexican golden age, as exposed by Alonso de la Veracruz [Ver82, ReBe85] and Tomás de Mercado [ReBe85]. According to this tradition, supposition is a property of terms occurring ...