Medieval Architecture

Mestský hrad v Banskej Štiavnici, tzv. Starý zámok, jedna z hlavných dominant najstaršieho slovenského banského mesta, sa nachádza pod úpätím vrchu Paradajz, v blízkosti Námestia sv. Trojice. Ide o komplex viacerých budov, ktoré vznikli a neskôr boli adaptované na fortifikačné a reprezentatívne účely od 13. do 18. storočia.

The preservation of natural stone heritage is still a major challenge for the scientific community. This topic assumes a greater importance since it impacts economic and socio-cultural values. Recent research has indicated that water action and microorganism activity are among the major contributors to the deterioration of this material. Despite the emergence of new protective solutions in the market, some constraints still need to be overcome. This study aims to contribute to unveiling the effectiveness of innovative commercial coatings on the preservation of natural stone frequently used in built heritage. Four different commercial coatings are assessed regarding their compatibility with the substrata and effectiveness against UV radiation, water action, and microbial development under accelerated ageing. The protective solutions are tested on five different Portuguese lithotypes, including carbonate and silicate-based stones. Colour change is measured to assess compatibility, whi...

Հանդեսի նպատակն էր ընթերցողներին ծանոթացնել հայ և համաշխարհային արվեստի դասականների գործերին և հետաքրքրություն առաջացնել հայ արվեստագետների նկատմամբ: Հոդվածի շրջանակում ուսումնասիրեցինք 1950 թվականի «Գեղունի» հանդեսի էջերում զետեղված կերպարվեստի 6 ծավալուն հոդված, մանրամասն ներկայացրինք և վերլուծեցինք դրանցում բարձրացված կերպարվեստի հարցերը, տվեցինք բովանդակային նկարագիր: Բանալի բառեր՝ Գեղունի, կերպարվեստ, Գրիգոր Շլդյան, սփյուռքահայ արվեստ, Վերածննդի դարաշրջան, արծաթագործություն, քանդակագործություն, Բասսանո:

El día 30 de marzo de 1915, a las 17 h.15 m., según su cuaderno de bitácora, el torpedero Número 1 de la Armada española llegó a Tortosa después de remontar el Ebro y fondeó en el límite de las aguas jurisdic-
cionales marítimas, amarrando en la orilla derecha -según se entra desde la mar, o sea, en la ribera izquierda siguiendo el curso del río- al pie del mercado municipal.
Tras mantenerse felizmente en aguas de la ciudad de Tortosa, salió para
la mar en la mañana del día 5 de abril de 1915. Poco después de las nueve
levó anclas y dando un cable por la popa, reviró y descendió sin novedad el curso del Ebro, fondeando frente a la farola de cabo Tortosa. Pasó la barra con cierta dificultad, pero a las 6 h. 15 m. de la tarde del día 7 de abril se hallaba afuera y en franquía, dirigiéndose a La Ampolla para tomar carbón del torpedero Número 2, siguiendo después a Vinaroz y de allí a Cartagena.

[EN] The aim of the study day is to present some of the analyses carried out since the fire of 15 April 2019 on the roses in the transept of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, as part of the scientific project launched by the CNRS and the Ministry of Culture. The presentations, most of which will be given by members of the Chantier scientifique working groups, will cover various aspects: chronology and datation, 3D modelling of the tracery, analysis of the stained glass windows, and study of the iron armature. They will be enriched by the participation of recognised specialists in Rayonnant Gothic architecture, whose contributions will help to put the Paris roses into perspective, and in particular to provide a better understanding of the influence these roses have exerted on Gothic architecture from the 13th to the 15th centuries, on a European scale.

[FR] La journée d'études est destinée à restituer une partie des analyses effectuées depuis l'incendie du 15 avril 2019 sur les roses du transept de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, dans le cadre du Chantier scientifique lancé par le CNRS et le Ministère de la Culture. Les communications, pour la plupart d'entre elles assurées par les membres des groupes de travail du Chantier scientifique, aborderont différents aspects : critique d'authenticité, modélisation 3D du réseau de pierre, analyse des vitraux, étude de l'armature en fer. Elles seront complétées par la participation de spécialistes reconnus de l'architecture gothique rayonnante, dont l'apport permettra une mise en perspective des roses parisiennes, et notamment une meilleure compréhension de l'impact de ces roses sur l'architecture gothique du XIIIe au XVe siècle, à l'échelle européenne.

Desde la primera vez que contemplé la imagen de la Sibila de Gran laura, acompañada del epígrafe -ΣΙΒΥΛΛΑ- que no deja lugar a dudas sobre su identificación, me llamó la atención la peculiaridad de su regio y lujoso atuen-do (Fig. 1). A diferencia de la imagen más extendida en occidente, en la que la profetisa aparece con túnica, manto y la cabeza cubierta, a modo de una vestal antigua o de una representación mariana, en el refectorio atonita la Sibila ciñe corona y endosa un suntuoso loros cruzado propio de la vestimenta de una empe-ratriz bizantina. Desde entonces, como estudioso de la iconografía medieval de la Sibila en el contexto de los proyectos dirigidos por Maricarmen Gómez Muntané en los últimos años, me pregunté hasta qué punto era posible relacionar o no esta peculiar imagen bizantina con la larga tradición iconográfica de la Sibila en oc-cidente, habida cuenta que en Bizancio no ha existido ni una tradición litúrgica de interpretación del Canto de la Sibila ni una tempr...

Bituminous mortars characterize the traditional buildings of the city of Porto and northern Portugal, especially those built between the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century. This article aims to determine the composition of this bituminous mortar through an analytical study by micro-FTIR and Py-GS/MS, and to assert experimentally its effectiveness as a waterproofing material though a series of tests including capillary tests, saturation content and water permeability. The present study is still a starting point for a more in-depth study on this subject, but the present investigation constitutes a further step in the characterisation of the constitution and function of bituminous mortar.

For some time historiography has set itself the objective of studying the ways in which European society in the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Age has related to environmental disasters, addressing the perceptions and the reactions, the strategies implemented by the governments, and the repercussions on the religious mentality. In this way it has identified a sphere of investigation that is an authentic multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary workshop, engaging historians of institutions, culture and mentality. At the conference held in San Miniato, Italian and European historians compared notes on this subject, addressing it from different points of view and taking into consideration different environmental contexts (the cities and the rivers, the mountain, the sea, Italy, France, Holland, etc.) and different viewpoints (those of the governments, the lay 'intellectuals', the men of religion, etc.).

Università di Firenze e Yerevan State University hanno avviato nel 2013 un progetto di ricerca archeologica e territoriale congiunto in Vayots Dzor (Armenia), al fine di indagare l'impatto della connettività eurasiatica a lungo raggio nella formazione e nello sviluppo dei paesaggi medievali locali. Il team è dedicato allo sviluppo della ricerca archeologica integrata, basata su metodi di indagine non distruttivi. Il progetto costituisce il primo esperimento di Light Archaeology in Armenia e nel Caucaso e i risultati attesi includono tanto progressi nella ricerca storicoarcheologica sul Medioevo armeno (cc. 7-16) quanto progressi metodologici negli studi archeologici territoriali nel loro complesso. In questo lavoro gli autori si soffermano sul secondo aspetto, presentando i quadri teorici e metodologici adottati al fine di approfondire la conoscenza sui fenomeni materiali e storici osservabili nella realizzazione dei paesaggi medievali a Vayots Dzor.

In 2013, the University of Florence and the State University of Yerevan started a joint archaeological and territorial research project in Vayots Dzor (Armenia), in order to investigate the impact of long-range Eurasian connectivity in the creation and promotion of local medieval landscapes. The team is devoted to the development of integrated archaeological research, based on non-destructive investigation methods. The project represents the first experiment with Light Archaeology in Armenia and Caucasus, and expected results include advances in both archaeological-historical research about Armenian Middle Ages (cc. 7th-16th) and methodological advances in archaeological territorial studies as a whole. The authors of the present paper shall focus on the latter point and present theoretical and methodological frameworks adopted by the Italian partner of the project in order to enhance the knowledge on material and historical phenomena observable in the making of medieval landscapes in Vayots Dzor.

U radu se donosi prijedlog za arhitektonsku organizaciju carske palače smještene u južnom dijelu kastruma sagrađena u četvrti isejske kolonije Aspalathos za cara Dioklecijana. Gradnja koja se uobičajeno naziva Dioklecijanova palača tipičan je primjer urbanističke regulacije dijela starog grada za potrebe gradnje carske rezidencije poput sličnih zahvata u Antiohiji, Nikomediji i Palmiri.The Aspect of Urban Design Diocletian’s reforming spirit on the one hand and his cupiditas aedificandi on the other modified the centuries-old classical architecture of Rome. His time canboast of the enormous architectural productivity and of the influence that it had on the royal architecture of later periods. His joint rulers imitated him by building their own residences, as did generations of both pagan and Christian kings and princes until the Middle Ages. The urban transformations that he generated by the renovation of whole areas of cities are mentioned by his biographers, mainly Christians, hol...

The article analyzes one panel of the stained glass window in the chapel of St. Stephen in Chartres Cathedral. It shows a builder at work, and the building he erects is equipped with tracery with highly developed forms that are unheard of or even impossible in the period around 1210-20, to which this stained glass window is dated. The article attempts to resolve this apparent contradiction. The panel in question was probably made around the mid-13th century and placed on the site of the earlier one.

The article discusses the history and historical, ideological and theoretical conditions of the reconstruction of the Poznań cathedral after its destruction during World War II. During the renovation, its pre-war shape was not returned, but the cathedral was given consistently Gothic forms.

Se reconstruye el ciclo de carmina epigraphica que Angilberto, poeta y abad laico de Centula/Saint-Riquier, compuso a finales del siglo viii para la iglesia mayor de la abadía picarda. Se trataba de un conjunto de diez inscripciones de transmisión manuscrita cuya posición en el edificio conocemos con bastante precisión. Se señala su estrecha vinculación con el espacio tridimensional en el que se inscribían y su adaptación-tanto en la forma como en el contenido-a un tipo de recepción in situ que fue consustancial a su composición y previa a su posteridad puramente literaria o textual. Los poemas se editan en forma de apéndice al final del artículo, junto a un mínimo aparato de fuentes y paralelos e información y comentarios sobre su ubicación y transmisión.

Greek title: Mora άλλοτε Πελοπόννησος. Χωρική συγκρότηση  και μορφολογία της πόλης  κατά την οθωμανική κυριαρχία.
The study, written in Greek, deals with the urban structure of the cities of the Peloponnese during the three and a half centuries of the Ottoman conquest and explores the morphological imprint of the Ottoman urban pattern in this region, choosing in particular as case studies nine urban settlements (Tripolitsa, Patras, Corinth, Argos, Mistras, Nauplia, Navarino, Methoni and Koroni). The research is largely based on original cartographic and drawing archival material, which have been located in many Εuropean Archives and Libraries.
The book is structured in two parts. In the first part, a research of the urban function and form of the nine selected examples is attempted based on historical texts, travel accounts, manuscript drawings, maps and topographic plans that are combined, evaluated and juxtaposed, to lead to corresponding graphic proposals for the reconstruction of the residential fabric of the nine case studies at the end of the Ottoman era. In the second part, a synthetic approach is proposed that attempts to integrate the urban phenomenon in the Ottoman Peloponnese into the wider context of the Ottoman city in the Mediterranean world.

The Genoese invasion of Cyprus in 1373 and their ensuing occupation of Famagusta between the years 1373 and 1460 had an effect on the religious institutions as well as on other aspects of the city's life. Ships from other trading nations, like Venice, Barcelona and the Provençal towns, ceased to frequent the port, causing a contraction of trade, a drop in the population and an overall decrease in revenues. Genoa attempted to remedy this by transferring the governance of the city in 1447 to the Office of St George, an association of Genoese bond-holders, but Famagusta remained impoverished. 1 Nonetheless, the religious life of the city during those years does not present a picture of unrelieved and unqualified decline. A church of St Catherine is recorded as a new construction in the fifteenth-century Genoese massaria, the accounts of the treasury of Famagusta under Genoese rule. The massaria is invaluable in serving as evidence for the churches, fortifications and other monuments of the city. 2 In 1427 the incumbent bishop of Famagusta, Nicholas of Tenda, desired to import planks from Genoa to repair his episcopal palace. Furthermore, in 1450 an indulgence was promulgated for the repair of the circuit of walls of the city. 3 New constructions or repairs of existing edifices also occurred in the capital Nicosia during the fifteenth century, although both in Nicosia and Famagusta these were far fewer than in the preceding century. This paper shall focus, with the exception of burials, on the non-liturgical uses, namely uses other than the celebration of Mass, to which the churches of Famagusta were put in the third quarter of the fifteenth century. The principal sources are the notarial deeds of Antonio Folieta, a Genoese notary working there in the mid-fifteenth century. Additional sources are the judicial inquests into the

catalaL’enginyer Mendez de Ras elabora, del 1766 al 1779, els projectes que transformen l’illa Plana en el poblat de San Pablo de Nueva Tabarca, que evolucionen en definicio urbana, arquitectonica i tecnica. Del conjunt de dibuixos s’analitzen quatre planols de gran rigor i qualitat grafica. El primer (1770) explica el plantejament militar i l’abast territorial. El segon (1771) projecta les illes de cases per a la poblacio. El tercer (1774-75) desenvolupa un ampli programa de construccions civils. I el quart (1779) desplega la totalitat del programa urba i militar. La successio cronologica palesa la idea que tota la placa fortificada es un artefacte bel·lic i una cisterna de pluvials simultaniament. Aquesta utopia dibuixada, en que ciutat, arquitectura i aigua formen una unitat, xoca amb l’obstinada realitat de la natura: un planol del 1789 descriu l’estat final i ruinos de les obres executades. EnglishThe engineer Mendez Ras developed, between 1766 and 1779, the projects that trans...

Jan Wrabec nazywa ją: „pierwszą budowlą w stylu włoskim, powstałą we
Wrocławiu po wojnie trzydziestoletniej”.
Prowadzone w 2017 r. prace konserwatorskie fragmentu północnej elewacji kościoła NMP na Piasku wraz z dwiema kaplicami - św. Rodziny i Krzyża - pozwoliły na odsłonięcie fragmentów lica ceglanego cokołu oraz wypraw tynkarskich. W przypadku kaplicy św. Krzyża na podstawie wstępnych ustaleń na miejscu autorom projektu remontu elewacji nasuwa się ważne pytanie o konieczność podjęcia bardziej szczegółowych badań przedmiotowej kaplicy.
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono w zarysie wstępne obserwacje i studia
ikonograficzne, które mogą rzucić więcej światła na kwestię rekonstrukcji pierwotnej formy kaplicy św. Krzyża.

La historia de las obras de restauración y de las obras de "embellecimiento" llevadas a cabo en la iglesia de santa Maria dei Greci en Agrigento atraviesa un intervalo temporal que va desde el período normando hasta nuestros días, en una investigación continua realizada por estudiosos, quienes creyeron firmemente en la mejora del monumento. La iglesia, construida sobre los restos del templo dórico que data de la segunda mitad del siglo V a.C., (probablemente se construyó durante el período bizantino, entre 395, Edicto de Teodosio) y 596, antes de la conquista musulmana. La estructura arquitectónica bizantina de la iglesia ha sufrido, a lo largo de los siglos, importantes transformaciones que han determinado lo que hoy es su conformación actual. El examen del período que abarca casi siete siglos, desde 1100 hasta 1750, durante el cual se han realizado importantes transformaciones arquitectónicas y terminaciones estilísticas en el edificio, es el objeto de este argumento

The monuments of the Frankish period in Greece have been examined by researchers, mainly historians but also architects and archaeologists, in the context of attempts to interpret the architecture and art of this important period. The above context includes the examination of a 13th century feudal castle, in central Euboea. The castle is found on a remote steep rocky hill, 7 km south of Chalcis, east of the plain of the river Lilas at an altitude of about 160 m above sea level. At a small distance to the west of the castle the two towers of Mytikas dominate on a lower hill. The outline of the castle has the shape of an almost equilateral triangle with the three sides curved freely and following the natural configuration of the rock mainly on the west and southeast side. The general dimensions of the complex are about 50 X 60 m. The naturally fortified edge of this rock is surrounded by walls that surround an area of 1700 m 2 ., and includes a large enclosure, two large two-storey buildings on the south side of the walls, two auxiliary buildings-probably barracks and warehouses-attached to the north side of the walls and a three-room vaulted tank. The castle had three entrances. The walls are 1.20 m thick at their base and continued with the same width until their top. At the top of the walls were ramparts, while behind them to the inside there was a narrow corridor (perimeter). The most interesting and undoubtedly the most impressive building of the castle is the two-storey Great Hall in the southwest corner, whose two walls are part of the castle walls, at the most extreme and naturally fortified point of the hill, at the edge of the remote rock. Despite its ruinous state the castle of Fylla is one of the best preserved castles from the period of the Latin domination in Greece.

Il volume intende celebrare il lungo magistero di Aldo A. Settia (Albugnano, 1932). I contributi qui raccolti rappresentano un piccolo omaggio e attestato di stima da parte di amici e colleghi che con lui hanno condiviso ricerche, interessi di studio, piccoli o ampi tratti delle rispettive carriere professionali. Alcuni degli autori degli studi qui presentati hanno avuto la fortuna, nelle aule universitarie di Torino e Pavia, di ascoltare le lezioni di Aldo. Tutti, negli anni, hanno continuato a imparare qualcosa da lui, anche nelle occasioni più informali, ascoltandolo e naturalmente leggendolo. Leggendo questo straordinario narratore di storie (e di storia) che non smette di stupirci e di scrivere. Per fortuna sua e nostra.

In: Magdeburger Volksstimme, Freitag, 8. September 2023, S. 22.

Archäologie-Professor Stefan Lehmann zum Wiederauftauchen der seit Jahren umstrittenen Bronze-Statue Alexanders des Großen Seit 2008 schwelt ein Streit zwischen dem Winckelmann-Museum in Stendal und Stefan Lehmann (71), Professor für Archäologie, zu einer acht Jahre zuvor ausgestellten Bronze-Statue Alexanders des Großen. Er bezeichnet den sensationellen Kopf als Fälschung, es kam sogar zum Rechtsstreit. Das Ausstellungsstück verschwand, doch es tauchte nun wieder auf. Über die Entwicklungen sprach Matthias Fricke mit ihm.

The baroque architect J.B. Santini-Aichel is quite rightly mentioned and highlighted as a personality whose importance definitely transcends the borders of Central Europe. Its original architectural expression is primarily shaped by dramatic modeling and refined work with light. So it might seem that for him, color was rather a marginal matter. Nevertheless, gradual investigations, especially of interior colors, show that the opposite is true, and colors clearly played a very important role in Santini's work.

The contribution is based on the knowledge gathered as part of the preparation of the article "Problems of restoration of baroque interior color on the example of the convent church in Želiv", published in the magazine Zprávy pamtkové péče in issue 4/2017.

Resumen: El proyecto "Unidos bajo una misma estrella" propone que estudiantes de secundaria de localidades distantes reconstruyan la trayectoria diaria del Sol en el cielo a partir de observaciones llevadas a cabo desde sus propias casas. Cada estudiante debe medir la dirección y el largo de la sombra de un gnomon en cuatro horarios distintos del día, volcando luego sus datos en una planilla de cálculo que representa los valores medidos en un gráfico polar. El proyecto se implementó en cuatro ciudades, tres de Argentina y una de Costa Rica, lo que permitió elaborar conclusiones sobre el carácter local del movimiento diario solar. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la precisión de la metodología utilizada y la necesidad de incorporar la corrección por declinación magnética. La propuesta favoreció la vinculación de los estudiantes con su entorno celeste y el desarrollo de competencias científicas relacionadas con la medición, el análisis de datos y la modelización. Palabras Clave: Observación, movimiento diario del Sol, gráfico polar, declinación magnética.