International Relations

This paper seeks to investigate the role played by memory in the Federation of Expellees (Bund der Vertriebenen, BdV) professed attempts to enter into dialogue with Polish society. It also seeks to assess why on occasion mutual recrimination continues to tarnish the wider framework of German-Polish relations and explain the reasons for this phenomenon. The initial focus lies with explaining the continued importance of key, often disputed, elements of the historical encounter between Germans and Poles. To complement this analysis, the latter part of the article considers whether the BdV and its associated organizations have contributed to the wider process of German-Polish reconciliation, or whether the activities of the BdV act as a brake upon full resolution. The paper argues that although in recent years the BdV has attempted to make a positive contribution to German-Polish relations, its chances for success are constrained by its inability to move away from positions that are the...

The early 1970s brought fundamental transitions in international scientific collaboration that significantly affected the international relations in global patterns that are still relevant today. This article uses a multi-perspective approach to argue that the underlying condition for the globalization of science diplomacy was the increasing participation of recently independent countries in international technoscientific affairs, examining critical research areas, including space exploration, oceanography, nuclear technoscience, the environmental sciences, and health and population studies. Themes emerged at that time that continue to characterize what we term ‘Global Science Diplomacy’: multipolarity, resistance and agency, lack of global consensus, regional alliances and interests, and the centrality of the United Nations system to the conduct of transnational science. This survey is a first step in historical reflection on this phenomenon and shows that it was the emergence of t...

Indonesia accelerated the prohibition on nickel ore exports which previously was enforced in 2022 and accelerated to 2020. The European Union feels that it has been greatly disadvantaged from the Indonesian government's policies so the European Union sued to the WTO with complaint number Ds592. This study aims to analyze and explain Indonesia's dispute with the European Union regarding the prohibition on nickel ore exports to the European Union in 2020. This article aims to determine the challenges and efforts of the Indonesian government in dealing with nickel ore disputes with the European Union. The results of the research here show that Indonesia will not be afraid to face the dispute between Indonesia and Europe Union and Indonesia has prepared quite strong files in terms of these suits

The study intends to see how food safety regulations introduced by the European Union affect Pakistani seafood exports to the EU. For the analysis time trend data of related variables has been taken into account from 1999-2017. The Gravity Model results indicate that imposition of food safety regulation deteriorates trade and sharing of common language (English) has a positive yet significant impact on seafood exports of Pakistan. The study provides imperative insights for policy makers to devise appropriate policies regarding enhancement of export potential of Pakistan.

Konektivitas yang dibangun negara, baik dalam lingkup bilateral, regional, maupun global berkelindan satu sama lain. Misalnya, kerja sama subregional berbasis konektivitas lintas batas yang tengah dibangun dalam kerangka IMT-GT, BIMP-EAGA, dan TIA-GT akan mendorong dan menguatkan sebuah kerja sama regional, seperti ASEAN Community, sesuai dengan Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity. Studi ini difokuskan pada tiga hal, yakni  pertama, capaian dan tantangan pembangunan konektivitas lintas batas (fisik, kelembagaan, dan antarmasyarakat) melalui kerja sama ekonomi subregional; kedua, strategi penguatan konektivitas antarwilayah pertumbuhan subregional untuk mendukung konektivitas ASEAN; ketiga, strategi pemanfaatan konektivitas ASEAN berbasis kerja sama ekonomi subregional bagi Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitiatif yang bersifat eksploratif analitis, studi ini menemukan bahwa keterlibatan Indonesia dalam beberapa kerja sama ekonomi subregional membawa dampak positif b...

Most people acquire citizenship at birth; and modern liberal states regulate the migration of non-citizens as a matter of their sovereignty. Do contemporary border and migration controls based on citizenship therefore enforce the continuation of feudal birth privilege? In this paper I interrogate this question by examining the role of migration controls in the Westphalian Treaties, which  define a milestone in the development of territorial state sovereign. I find that the Treaties assumed that a sovereign’s subjects are not free to cross territorial borders, and that migration controls continue to enforce birth privilege. However, while feudal sovereigns ruled by bondage, modern liberal states rule by exclusion.

As the liberal world order faces an escalating crisis, intensified by  rising great power rivalries, this book underscores the indispensable  role middle powers play in preserving stability and promoting global governance. In the face of an increasingly multipolar world order, author provides a compelling argument for the significance of middle powers.
It offers a deep examination of how these nations navigate between the competing pressures of great power politics, while still preserving  their unique influence and enhancing multilateral institutions. Departing from the long-standing Europocentric paradigm, it explores the unfolding shifts in global power balances. It reveals how middle powers, through their resourceful diplomacy and commitment to international norms, are pioneering new paths for global governance beyond the traditional frameworks

Este estudo busca elucidar de maneira geral o conceito de interseccionalidade e examinar como o paradigma discursivo de Jürgen Habermas desenvolvido em obras como Teoria da ação comunicativa e Facticidade e validade enfrenta a questão das demandas interseccionais por igualdade de tratamento nas sociedades democráticas contemporâneas. O conceito de interseccionalidade chama a atenção para as interrelações e os efeitos colaterais da pertença à diferentes tipos de discriminação social como sexo, raça, gênero, classe social, etnia,entre outros. Habermas reconhece a dimensão interseccional das discriminações em Facticidade e validade, por causa disso, parece fazer todo sentido a questão se o paradigma discursivo possui recursos para enfrentar os obstáculos ao exercício da igualdade social resultantes das desvantagens interseccionais. Há até mesmo quem defenda, como Nancy Fraser, que o conceito de esfera pública burguesa habermasiano, embora ainda bastante promissor, precisa sofrer alguma...

This article argues for the fundamental importance of 'evil-naming' as a constitutive operation of modern political discourse. To achieve this goal the article first draws attention to how global, and seemingly consensual, institutional and public discourses have defined the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as a contemporary form of 'evil' and how the international community has conceived of its engagement with this entity. Based on this analysis and on insights from the history of early-modern struggles against pirates and 'enemies of mankind' , the article shows that political modernity has less failed to erase the 'archaic' practice of evil-naming than constantly relied on it. To make this claim, the article identifies discursive patterns and practical effects of evil-naming and draws out the ambivalent relationship between evil-naming and sovereignty and security as cornerstones of political modernity. The article concludes by engaging with the question of whether and to what extent the concept of evil can be critiqued and dismissed as some scholars have argued.

The United States applied trade pressure on the Soviet Union on a large scale during the 1980s for the attainment of political objectives. Although initially triggered by the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, trade pressure became a concerted American policy aimed at influencing Soviet domestic and international behaviour, and expressing displeasure with Moscow's actions at home and abroad. The thesis looks at the ability of U.S. trade pressure to influence or shape Soviet behaviour and policy. The thesis, which is based upon a combination of American and Soviet primary sources as well as memoir and other publications, assesses both the economic and political effect (with greater emphasis on the latter) of Washington's application of economic measures in the early 1980s on Soviet policy on human rights, dissent, Jewish emigration, and the Third World. Two introductory chapters chart the overall development of Soviet-American relations during the years concerned. Four furth...

This study aims to explore the primary concerns of emerging adulthood in Bandung, Indonesia, and the psychological dynamics that occur in their lives during this stage. Using a three-phase approach, a survey was conducted among 1034 participants (mean age = 20.4) to identify their current concerns. A grounded approach was employed in the second phase to determine the recurring themes of concern. The findings indicate that the primary concern of emerging adults is related to potentially toxic romantic relationships. To gain a deeper understanding of the psychological dynamics associated with these relationships, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 emerging adults who had experienced toxic relationships. The results revealed five critical areas within toxic relationships, including: 1) reasons for initiating the relationship; 2) the "something is wrong" phase; 3) adverse outcomes of the relationship; 4) strategies for ending the relationship; and 5) expectations that ...

Introduction: This paper presents a reconceptualisation of the European Union (EU) as that of pragmatic power Europe. It suggests that the emergence of a multipolar world presents a critical opportunity to re-frame our expectations and understandings of the EU as a power in the world. Enabling us to look at the EU through the lenses of both ‘what it is’ and, crucially, ‘what it can do’ relative to the position and preferences of others, pragmatic power Europe presents a broad based methodology for considering EU attitude, behaviour, the tactics it employs, and the power resources it utilises, in order to respond to the complexity, uncertainty and heterogeneity of preferences, and positions, at play in today’s multipolar world order.

No one doubts the gravity of the situation. Russian forces are moving west to occupy parts of Ukraine beyond the Donbas region and the Crimea. There have also been severe Russian cyber attacks on German infrastructure, while Vladimir Putin has threatened to invade Estonia. NATO’s secretary general has asked one of his predecessors, Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, to join the meeting and share advice.

The elimination of nuclear weapons has been an objective of the United Nations (un) since 1946. Although addressed through multiple forums, including the un General Assembly’s First Committee, Conference on Disarmament and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the possession and renunciation of nuclear weapons nevertheless remains a topic beset by multilateral stalemate and frustration over the entrenchment of positions between nuclear- and non-nuclear weapon states. Yet within these forums, disarmament politics are taking a new turn, with the emergence of new, cross-regional, cross-factional political groups working alongside more established blocs. Focusing on these group dynamics, this article argues that the emergence of new political groups, and their interplay with others, is critical to the effective functioning of disarmament negotiations. Through cooperative information exchange, encouraging policy entrepreneurship and by challenging the rigidity of entrenched bloc position...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Although Canada’s population is often described as a “mosaic” and it espouses official policies of bilingualism and multiculturalism, as well as being a highly-ranked country for gender equality (e.g. it is ranked 19 in the WEF’s 2014 Global Gender Gap Report), the composition of the Parliament of Canada (members of parliament (MP) and senators) does not mirror its demographics or espoused values.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) not only recast water management practices within the European Union (EU); it also opened a new chapter for the EU's external ambitions in the field of water. The central vehicle here is the EU Water Initiative (EUWI), a transnational, multi-actor partnership approach that was established in 2002 to support wider United Nations development goals. The EUWI is underpinned by principles such as river basin planning, resource efficiency, and participation, and the WFD serves as a legal and political template for achieving these aims in interested partner countries. This article analyses the implementation of the Initiative in all five partnerships: Africa, China, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, Latin America, and the Mediterranean; it argues that the Initiative's origins in sustainable development related global debates led to selective interpretations of water management principles in these diverse social, political and ecologi...

Over the last decade, policy transfer has emerged as an important concept within public policy analysis, guiding both theoretical and empirical research spanning many venues and issue areas. Using Dolowitz and Marsh's 1996 stocktake as its starting point, this article reviews what has been learned by whom and for what purpose. It finds that the literature has evolved from its rather narrow, state-centred roots to cover many more actors and venues. While policy transfer still represents a niche topic for some researchers, an increasing number have successfully assimilated it into wider debates on topics such as globalisation, Europeanisation and policy innovation. This article assesses the concept's position in the overall ‘tool-kit’ of policy analysis, examines some possible future directions and reflects on their associated risks and opportunities.