German History

The Evangelical Church Faced Harassment and hostility from the state in the immediate aftermath of the foundation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1949. Indeed, the struggle in which the Evangelical Church is today engaged can be seen as both a consequence and continuation of a struggle which began in 1949. The Soviet Union had gained control in 1945 of that part of Germany which was most staunchly Protestant. Initially there was no central authority for the Evangelical churches in postwar Germany. Instead there were a number of regional churches, eight of which were located in the Soviet Zone. However, in 1948 the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD) was created as an umbrella organization for the whole country. Indeed the EKD remained intact as an all-German organization until 1969, despite the estrangement and mutual hostility which characterized inter-German relations until that year.

Ce séminaire est organisé par Florence Bancaud, Susanne Böhmisch et Nathalie Schnitzer de l'université d'Aix-Marseille avec leurs collègues du laboratoire "échanges" .

Lors de ma séance le 15 décembre (14-17h), il sera question de théâtre germanophone et notamment des créations de Thomas Ostermeier (directeur artistique de la Schaubühne) et de Milo Rau (directeur des Wiener Festwochen), mais aussi plus largement de théâtre contemporain avec des spectacles de Caroline Guiela Nguyen (artiste associée de la Schaubühne et nouvelle directrice du TNS), Rebecca Chaillon (qui croise idéalement les questions de nourriture et de genre), du collectif belge TG Stan...

This thesis examines the origins and emergence of operational art. It does so by studying the changes in the conduct of warfare that caused operational art to emerge. It further investigates how armies perceived and responded to the changes. The thesis emphasises how armies adapted at the higher levels of command and especially the strategic-operational interactions. Operational art in western armed forces is often defined in broad terms and may span the entire spectre from strategy to tactics. It has been criticised for that reason and for being a relic from the Cold War. This thesis argues that operational art emerged piece-meal from the mid-nineteenth century. The reason for its emergence was the increased complexity of warfare caused by the effects of new technology, the industrial revolution, and mass armies. The parts first came together in the Allied 1918 offensive that won the First World War. When operational art was defined conceptually in the Soviet Union's Red Army i...

Buscaremos, nesse artigo, apresentar a clara relacao entre as modificacoes na construcao dos conceitos de infância e juventude entre os seculos 13 e 18, e as transformacoes ocorridas nos contos de fadas, que passaram a ser destinados ao publico infantil, tambem nesse periodo. Para tanto, num primeiro momento buscaremos delimitar um conceito do que seriam os contos de fadas ou contos maravilhosos, em seguida exemplificaremos com diferentes versoes do conto Cinderela as mudancas e adaptacoes que sofreram essas narrativas com o passar dos tempos. E, num segundo momento, analisaremos o filme Cinderela, lancado este ano e que atraiu o publico infantil, mas, ao mesmo tempo, atraiu muitos adultos que nao deixaram de exprimir suas impressoes sobre o longa nas redes sociais.

The article outlines a new framework for the study of communicative taboos in repressive political regimes such as the GDR. The concept goes beyond the somewhat reductive position that understands political taboos as mere silencing. The approach developed here aims at refining our understanding of discursive regimes in dictatorial regimes, where one dominant ideology has become deeply ingrained in most aspects of society. It starts with the observation that the discursive sphere in the periphery of the taboo, characterized by corrupted speech, and the silence in its core are complementary elements of the taboo. I develop my concept with reference to three political taboos: the official discourse on betrayal of members of communist resistance groups during the Third Reich, expulsions after the Second World War, and the uprising of 17 June 1953. The discussion shows that a precise conception of the general appearance of communicative taboos—including distinguishing between core and pe...

In this work, we present the results of some research conducted by the group GREDICS on the formation of historical thinking in the historical narratives constructed by the students of lower and upper secondary school. To elaborate these texts, they used historical sources. Our research focuses on analyzing the results of a work based on a historical problem, such as the Republican exile during the Spanish Civil War. We present the results of the use of primary and secondary sources for the construction of narratives, especially in a final narrative developed in video format.

On 22 June 1941 the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People began.  During the first months of the war, some large units of the Red Army appeared in the blockade by German troops. As a result of which hundreds of thousand soldiers were killed or were taken prisoners of war.
In June 1942, in Poland the Antifascist Illegal Patriotic Organisation was formed by the soviet prisoners of war in the Benyaminovo camp. The liders of Organisation were Armenian prisoners of war. In summer 1944 the members of this Organisation arranged the escape of fighters of «Armenian Legion», located in the city of Mende, France and granted asylum with French partisan.
In August 22, 1944 by the command of the French Resistance Movement, the First Soviet Partisan Regiment was formed. It took part in the liberation of the hundreds settlements in Lozere and Gard departments of France.
In May 1, 1945 the Government of France rewarded the First Soviet Partisan Regiment with Colour and Order of Military Cross.

Persons suffering from tuberculosis are among the forgotten victims of the Nazi dictatorship. One of the reasons for this was the fact that cases of intentional patient neglect, physical violence and finally murder were not prosecuted after 1945 insofar as they pertained to German victims. Patrick Bernhard inquires into the reasons for this and – by using newly treated sources – points to a lack of will to deal with crimes which did not take place in concentration camps or institutions understood to be genuinely National Socialist. Thus, the approach of the involved jurists can be interpreted as a successful attempt to enclose National Socialism and the crimes committed in its name by reducing them to certain criminal acts, perpetrators and crime scenes. The article thereby also describes how “normality” was constructed in West German society.

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, 2021.A presente monografia tem por objetivo analisar o panfleto English Humanity No Paradox, or, An attempt to prove, that the English are not a Nation of Savages, publicado em 1778, e demonstrar que, para além de um panfleto de reação às ironias dos célebres philosophes franceses Rousseau e Voltaire, era destinado a defender a ideia de império inglês e as razões pelas quais este seria superior aos outros impérios da Europa e do resto do globo. Para tal, as produções escritas de Long, sua história, e a produção historiográfica concernente a ambos será analisado no primeiro capítulo. O segundo capítulo abordará a reação de Long às afirmações de Voltaire sobre a selvageria do teatro inglês, assim como sua contra argumentação. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo se dedica às respostas de Long para a acusação de Rousseau que pensou o alto consumo de carne por parte dos ...

Beatrix Frangepán (* c. 1480, +(27 March) 1510) from the Counts of Veglia (Krk), Modrus and Zengg was a descendant from one of the leading families of the Hungarian–CroatianHungarian–Croatian late Medieval Kingdom. She became wife of Crown Prince János Corvinus-Hunyadi and later of Margrave Georg Hohenzollern-Brandenburg. From her first marriage, she had three children. One of these, Kristóf, who died young, was buried together with his father in Lepoglava (Croatia). Recently, successful archaeogenetic analyses have been performed on the remains of János and Kristóf Corvinus-Hunyadi; and in the course of these studies, the family background of Kristóf’s mother, Beatrix Frangepán, became an important factor. The present study provides a nine-generation family tree of Beatrix Frangepan as a complementary data pool for an eventual expansion of the archaeogenetic studies. Preliminary results of archaeological study of the supposed grave of Beatrix Frangepán are also reported.

This chapter examines the frictions that emerged as the Grzimeks spoke on behalf of the world’s animals (and peoples) from their situatedness as celebrity scientists in West Germany. No Room for Wild Animals won over most critics and filmgoers because its doomsday portrayals of African endangerment projected European conservative anxieties about the perceived dark side of the “economic miracle” at home: the social dislocations of urbanization, the loss of traditional ways by mindless consumerism, and the pollution of land and water. The film energized discussions about how citizens of the Federal Republic might escape the diseases of civilization by creating their own national parks and outdoor zoos. The Grzimeks’ portrayals of reckless safaris in Africa, however, riled Germany’s conservation-minded hunters, who accused the pair of dramatizing wildlife endangerment to make a profit. Bernhard triumphed over his critics, but the public debates had raised uncomfortable memories of the German imperial origins of Africa’s game reserves and national parks that appeals to “global heritage” never resolved.

Many free imperial cities played a central role in the early events of the German Reformation(s). These same cities were among the constituencies that had shaped – and been shaped by – the processes dubbed “imperial reform” (Reichsreform) by historians: discussions about and implementations of governance at the highest level in the Holy Roman Empire. This article explores the relationship between the imperial cities and imperial reform in the fifteenth century and in the early phase of the Reformation (1517–32). It argues that “imperial reform” – a historiographical construct – is best conceived as a shared discourse of peace (friden), justice (recht), and order (ordnung) associated with the new institutions created in the Empire in the crucial decades around 1500. Imperial reform remained central to the urban governments’ political agendas even as evangelical teachings spread in the years after 1517, legitimizing them and offering leverage at a time of growing tension.

Beim folgenden Text handelt es sich um die schriftliche Fassung eines Vortrags, den der Autor beim Festakt zum 30-jährigen Jubiläum des Humanistischen Verbandes Deutschlands am 24. Juni 2023 in Neu- Isenburg hielt. In drei Panels stand die Frage nach Lebenssinn aus hu- manistischer Haltung zur Diskussion, wobei jeweils verschiedene Zeit- dimensionen den Ausgangspunkt bildeten: Vergangenheit, Zukunft und – im vorliegenden Beitrag – Gegenwart.

Предметом сравнительного исследования является роль ливонских походов в жизни и карьере двух представителей династии Асканиев – графа Альбрехта фон Орламюнде и герцога Альбрехта Саксонского. Граф и герцог представляют две разные модели поведения пилигримов в условиях ливонской миссии первой четверти XIII века. Если граф действовал в интересах familia (своего господина и вассалов), то герцог преследовал индивидуальный интерес (установление личного господства в Ливонии). Тем не менее, общественный капитал, приобретенный двумя крестоносцами за время участия в миссии, позволил им стать частью трансрегионального пространства коллективной памяти и социальных связей «гостей» и постоянных акторов Ливонской конфедерации. Это пространство социального взаимодействия автор называет Superfamilia Livonica и настаивает на его дальнейшем изучении.

I Kinds of Time The following remarks concern the question of time in Walter Benjamin's thought on ethics and justice. This theme is intimately connected to his attempt to locate the idea of human action beyond the confines of the subject conceived as the underlying instance to which the will is attributed. His thought in this area is exploratory. In Benjamin's discussions and correspondence with Gershom Scholem, he experiments with ideas deriving from Jewish thought in order to create a locus for his understanding of the ways in which the human being is inserted into the order of justice. It is not prejudicial to the seriousness of this attempt if one notes that this is also partly what was at work in Benjamin's relation to the ideas espoused by Brecht and Adorno. Yet it is above all in the thought broached in the discussions and correspondence with Scholem, in the years preceding the publication of the article “Zur Kritik der Gewalt” in 1921, that Benjamin takes the ma...

Dem aktivistischen Aufbruch in den 1980er-Jahren waren schwierige Jahrzehnte für lesbische Frauen in der DDR vorangegangen, die stark durch Unsichtbarkeit, Disziplinierung und Isolation, aber immer wieder auch durch Versuche geprägt waren, genau das zu durchbrechen. Im Folgenden werden diese Entwicklungen von der Nachkriegszeit bis Anfang der 1990er-Jahren genauer beleuchtet

“Unrestricted Research Opportunities” with “Unpleasant Surprises” – German Archaeologists in Greece During the National Socialist Era, in: Martijn Eickhoff, Daniel Modl, Katie Meheux und Erwin Nuijten (Hrsg.), National-Socialist Archaeology in Europe and its Legacies (Cham 2023) S. 257-280

Today, the Beer Purity Law (Reinheitsgebot) is presented as a timeless touchstone of German commercial sentiments, but that was not always the case. Until the mid-twentieth century, the law was relatively unknown and unevenly applied across Germany. This began to change thanks to the market protectionism of Bavarian brewers in two conflicts of integration between the 1950s and 1970s. The first was sparked by West German market integration and pitted capital interest in Old Bavaria (Altbayern) against consumer practices in Franconia. The second followed a parallel development but was initiated by Western European market integration and set Bavarian and West German brewers and regulators in opposition to Brussels. In both, brewers, fearful that integration threatened their market share, rallied around the Reinheitsgebot to win political allies, cudgel industry outliers and generate popular support through claims to culture and tradition. Analysing the transformation of the Reinheitsgebot, this article theorises the causal 'entanglements of scale' by which a little-known provincial law transformed into a German icon.

The transnational configuration of contemporary German literature cannot be detached from its historical continuum, since such a separation would render the archive of histories of exile in and out of Germany inconsistent and incomplete. Bringing literary histories of exile in a dialogue, in this instance, Exilliteratur, represented by prominent German authors, who, during the Second World War, immigrated to Southern California (Thomas Mann, Heinrich Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, and Franz Werfel, among others), as well as Anna Seghers and Stefan Zweig, who went into exile in Mexico and Brazil, respectively, and the emerging literature of contemporary transnational or so-called hyphenated German (“Bindestrich-Deutsche”) writers would enable an inclusive paradigm that communicates across communities of research. To that end, I briefly review one novel each by Anna Seghers and Lion Feuchtwanger and essays by the Iranian-German poet SAID, which exemplify the two distinctive ...

Mag. phil. Stefan René Buzanich, „Die Lebenswelt der dörflichen Untertanen der Kuefstein´schen Herrschaft Litschau im Spiegel der Verlassenschaftsabhandlungen der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts“ (4 Bände, 991 Seiten)

Die vorliegende Dissertation versteht sich zum einen als sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Fallstudie zur Epoche der Frühen Neuzeit, zum anderen als Beitrag zur österreichischen Geschichtsforschung einer bis dato vernachlässigten Region Niederösterreichs. Die wichtigste –aber nicht einzige – Untersuchungsgrundlage bildet die im ersten Schritt der Dissertation erstellte Transkription und Edition einer seriellen und umfassenden Quelle, nämlich der bei-den die erste Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts umfassenden Inventurprotokollbücher A und B der ehemaligen Herrschaft Litschau aus den Beständen des Niederösterreichischen Landesarchivs (NÖLA, BG Litschau 2/37 und 2/38). Diese Verlassenschaftsabhandlungen, bestehend aus Inventarlisten und Erbschaftsteilungsverträgen, enthalten eine Fülle an Informationen und ermöglichen eine Vielzahl an Einblicken in die unterschiedlichsten Aspekte der dörflichen Lebenswelt, wie etwa die bäuerliche Mischökonomie oder die lokale Gewerbelandschaft, aber auch die persönliche Frömmigkeit, Krankheit, Tod und Begräbnis oder Erbschaftsstreitigkeiten. Die Auswertung der Quellen erfolgt nach einer – für eine wissenschaftliche und übersichtliche Darstellung notwendiger – Trennung einzelner Dimensionen der Lebenswelt. Diese Dimensionen sind die Grenzen zwischen den beiden Lebenswelten von Grundherren und dörflichen Untertanen, die Lebenswelt der Arbeit, von Landwirtschaft und Gewerbe, die Lebenswelt von Arm und Reich, die Lebenswelt der Familie und die Lebenswelt von Glaube, Religion und Kirche. Dabei werden auch Fragestellungen thematisiert und bearbeitet, welche selten im Zusammenhang mit der Quellengattung „Verlassenschaftsabhandlung“ gestellt wurden, wie etwa die Versorgung von Menschen mit geistiger oder körperlicher Behinderung. Die durch die Auswertung der Quellen gewonnenen Informationen werden in erster Linie qualitativ und interpretativ gemäß der zu stellenden und zu beantwortenden Fragestellungen ausgewertet. Zusätzlich kommen auch einfache quantifizierende Verfahren zum Einsatz.

Mag. phil. Stefan René Buzanich, „The life environment of the village subjects of the Kuefstein rule Litschau in the mirror of the legacy records of the first half of the 18th century“ (4 volumes, 991 pages)

The present dissertation is, on the one hand, a social and economic historical case study on the epoch of the early modern period in general, on the other hand, a contribution to the Austrian history research of a hitherto neglected region of Lower Austria. The most important (but not the only) basis for the investigation is the transcription and edition of a serial and comprehensive source, created in the first step of the dissertation, namely, the two inventory books A and B of the former rule Litschau, comprising the first half of the 18th century, from the holdings of the Lower Austrian Provincial Archive (NÖLA, BG Litschau 2/37 and 2/38). These legacy records, consisting of inventory lists and inheritance sharing contracts, contain a wealth of information and allow a variety of insights into various aspects of the life environment of the village, such as the rural mixed economy or the local commercial landscape, but also the personal piety, illness, death and burial or inheritance disputes. The evaluation of the sources is done according to a (necessarily for a scientific and clear presentation) separation of individual dimensions of the life environment. These dimensions are the boundaries between the two spaces of lords and village subjects, the life environment of work, of agriculture and trade, the life situation of the rich and the poor, the space of the family and the life environment of faith, religion and the church. In the process, issues that are rarely discussed in connection with the source genre "legacy records", such as the care of people with mental or physical disabilities, are addressed and dealt with. The information gained from the evaluation of the sources is evaluated primarily by qualifying methods, in accordance with the questions to be asked and answered. In addition, simple quantifying methods are also used.

Das rheinische Recht bietet einen  spezifischen Zugang zur gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von deutschem und französischen Recht im 19. Jahrhundert.

Ich werfe zwei Schlaglichter auf die Begegnung am Rhein: Erstens betrachte ich die Rechtsprechung des Rheinischen Appellationsgerichtshofs, und zwar mit Hilfe des allerersten Jahrgangs des Archivs für das Civil- und Kriminalrecht der Königlich Preußischen Rhein-Provinzen.

Anhand eines dogmatischen Einzelproblems will ich zweitens Zachariae von Lingenthals Lehrbuch des französischen Rechts aufs Korn nehmen. Das in Heidelberg geschriebene Werk erscheint – bei rheinischer Großzügigkeit im Umgang mit der Geographie – als der entscheidende Beitrag der rheinischen Rechtswissenschaft zum französischen Recht.

In the current year, the Revolution of 1848/49 – the Springtime of the Peoples – celebrates its 175th anniversary. After the barricade fights in Paris (February of 1848) and the subsequent abolition of the monarchy, the revolution spread like a wildfire all over Europe. From Paris to Bucharest, from Northern Germany to Sicily, the peoples of Europe claimed different rights and liberties: the general (male) suffrage, constitutional and parliamentary systems of rule, the abolition of censorship, better living and working conditions, the secularization of the state, and national sovereignty as the result of the end of foreign rule. Hence, despite the heterogeneity of these claims, there was one common thing: all these uprisings were driven by ideas of progress and justice. There was, however, another common thing: these revolutions were not successful and the revolutionary euphoria and the regimes conceived by them were ephemeral, except for the foundation of the Swiss Confederation in September of 1848.

This article analyzes the negotiations of belonging in three current documentary comics that examine aspects of German history mostly from biographical or autobiographical perspectives. The authors argue that, using different narration strategies, these comics present intricate interactions between place and identity which shed new light on the contemporary identity discourse in and vis-à-vis Germany.