Climate Change

The article discusses the issues of values and social responsibility of universities. On the one hand, the foundations of functioning of universities, which are created by research and education and the role of universities in formation, are recalled. On the other hand, it was reminded that the heart of universities, their DNA, are academic values, defined primarily in the Magna Charta Universitatum, but also in many other documents, such as the Code of Values of the Jagiellonian University. Hence, universities are increasingly often referred to not only as universities of knowledge, but also as universities of wisdom. Together, they are the basis for the social responsibility of universities. However, they alone are not enough for this social responsibility to materialise. Appropriate behaviour and actions are essential. Because knowledge alone is not everything. Such actions are always necessary, but especially when we find ourselves, as a country, humanity and a planet, in a cris...

The COVID-19 pandemic is responsible for a health crisis and, at the same time, for a sharp drop in activities of economic sustainability, particularly in tourism management, and has consequences in most countries that are still difficult to measure. The objective of this research is to identify restaurant entrepreneurs’ perceptions about the future, government measures, strategies they will apply, and lessons learned for the future after the mandatory lockdown of restaurants and hospitality establishments related to pandemics. The framework was developed through content analysis with line-by-line coding applied to questionnaires collected online from Portuguese restaurant entrepreneurs. The results reveal the existence of common concerns to all entrepreneurs in the restaurant business for the post-pandemic period, about the measures that the governments should implement, and about the strategies and lessons learned for the future. Resilience in face of the future, fear of a lack of...

Total Biomass Chlorophyll a Coral reefs are among the most ecologically diverse and economically important habitats on earth, yet the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming threaten the integrity of these ecosystems globally. The reefs surrounding Oahu, Hawaii provide an exceptional opportunity to survey physiological variation among coral species as they have responded to naturally occurring ocean condition gradients. Peak summer temperature and pCO2 in Kane’ohe Bay (Sites 3&4; see 1a) mirror values that are expected to persist globally by mid-century, while other sites exhibit conditions comparable to the current global mean for tropical reefs. We hypothesize that populations of coral can adapt to high temperature and pCO2 conditions by adjusting aspects of their physiology that confer resilience. By comparing biomass and chlorophyll a from three species of coral distributed over four discrete sites, we seek to address the following questions: • Do high temp. and pCO2...

Four species of giant clams,Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, T. derasaandT. crocea, were cultured in outdoor raceways for 364 days at the Waikīkī Aquarium and the Oceanic Institute on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, USA.  Growth of each species was compared among individuals grown with and without supplemental phytoplankton feeding, and directly on the substrate or mounted on concrete plugs in low pH, high nutrient seawater.  Among clams cultured with and without supplemental phytoplankton (Chaetocerosspp.), feeding resulted in significantly lower mortality in all species butT. deresa, whereas growth was significantly higher among fed clams for all species exceptT. squamosa. Tridacna derasashowed roughly a three-fold increase in growth when fed (88.5 g ± 4.4 SD) than when unfed (26.0 g ± 2.1 SD), whereasT. maximagrowth was substantially lower, but nearly 10-fold greater in response to feeding (9.0 g ± 1.9 SD). The overall mortality rate of juvenile clams was significantly lower in the fe...

The returns from crop cultivation are essential not only for the survival of farmers but also to facilitate reinvestment in agriculture. An attempt has been made to evaluate profitability in paddy production with respect to crop rotation. Primary data from 455 farmers through a multistage purposive sampling technique were used in the study. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test were used in the study. The study found that profitability in paddy production varies at moderate level with respect to crop rotation. In total farmers were getting anet profit of 5324 rupees per acre. But per acre profit of paddy varies significantly considering point of product sold by farmers and share cropping characteristics of the farmer. On average farmer selling paddy at mandi were getting 11388 rupees of profit per acre while farmer selling at local markets were getting per acre 3103 rupees of profit.

Bruno Latour (1947-2022) was a prominent philosopher who critically interpreted the Anthropocene discourse. In this article, I highlight the impact of his legacy, particularly in political and philosophical Anthropocene debates. I attempt to position Latour’s critical philosophical thinking legacy within the framework of Anthropocene debates. Bruno Latour has a strong position in explaining current Anthropocene issues, especially related to actor and network reposition, political Gaia, and criticism of the new climate change regime. However, despite the Anthropocene debate, I position Latour’s notion as an entry point to open up explanations concerning the ontology of Anthropocene that can begin by understanding Latour’s breakthroughs in the context of surpassing the metaphysical demarcation of subject/object by radicalizing pluralistic ontology. Instead of glorifying flat ontology, this article aims to emphasize the possibility of affirming the hybrid world of the Anthropocene by p...

Data curah hujan di Indonesia saat ini dilakukan dengan pengamatan in situ, yang memungkinkan adanya data yang kosong karena kesalahan observer ataupun karena adanya alat yang rusak. Satelit TRMM merupakan salah satu satelit yang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk mengisi data curah hujan yang kosong di Indonesia. penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hasil akurasi antara data estimasi curah hujan satelit TRMM 3B42 dengan data pengamatan permukaan yang bersumber dari Stasiun Metorologi Sangia Ni Bandera Kolaka pada tahun 2019. Kedua data diuji secara statistik dengan menggunakan metode perhitungan koefisien korelasi, perhitungan eror dengan metode Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), dan uji signifikansi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan terbaik dihasilkan oleh periode bulan kering dibanding pada bulan basah. Secara umum, dalam grafik timeseries data satelit dan data observasi menunjukkan pola fluktuasi yang cukup sama, namun dalam beberpa kejadian data satelit TRMM jauh lebih keci...

Purpose of Review Gremmeniella abietina is a destructive forest pathogen responsible for Scleroderris canker, shoot dieback, defoliation, and tree death in forests and tree nurseries. This review is aimed at providing a complete description of the fungus, its distribution, the conditions for its spread, and the impact of climate change and at summarising the relevant forest management methods. Due to the worldwide importance of the pathogen, a retrospective review is required to summarise the lessons learned in relation to the disease, considering application to future outbreaks. Recent Findings We revise available management methods, considering examples of control strategies, with special focus on the silvicultural approaches, and we also revise the recovery of the affected stands and the associated trade-offs. Forest disturbances such as pests and disease outbreaks are expected to be exacerbated by climate change, although the exact impact on all host-pathogen interactions remain...

How species interact modulate their dynamics, their response to environmental change, and ultimately the functioning and stability of entire communities. Work conducted at Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, has changed our view on how networks of arctic biotic interactions are structured, how they vary in time, and how they are changing with current environmental change: firstly, the high arctic interaction webs are much more complex than previously envisaged, and with a structure mainly dictated by its arthropod component. Secondly, the dynamics of species within these webs reflect changes in environmental conditions. Thirdly, biotic interactions within a trophic level may affect other trophic levels, in some cases ultimately affecting land-atmosphere feedbacks. Finally, differential responses to environmental change may decouple interacting species. These insights form Zackenberg emphasize that the combination of long-term, ecosystem-based monitoring, and targeted research projects ...

This paper presents the results of a study on the Kulikovo section (south-eastern Baltic Sea coast), a sediment sequence exposing deposits of a post-glacial basin that existed along the edge of the glacier in the Late Pleistocene. The research was targeted at the reconstruction of the dynamics of the local environmental systems in response to climatic oscillations of the Lateglacial (the Older Dryas—first half of the Allerød). The evolution of the local biotic components on the territories of the Baltic region after the ice retreat is still poorly understood. Data from geochronological, lithological, diatom, algo-zoological and palynological analyses provide a reconstruction of local aquatic and terrestrial biocenoses and their response to short-term warmings and coolings that took place 14,000–13,400 cal yr BP. This study has demonstrated that, during the Older Dryas and first part of the Allerød (GI-1d and GI-1c), the aquatic and terrestrial environment of the Kulikovo basin under...

Modelling can explore heritage responses to environmental pressures over wide spatial and temporal scales, testing both theory and process. However, compared to other fields, modelling approaches are not yet as common in heritage management. Some heritage models have become well known, though they struggle to have an impact beyond academia, with limited practical applications. Successful models appear to be adaptable to multiple sites or objects, intuitive to use, run using widely available software and produce output translatable into practical actions. Model tuning is also vital for the model to be effective. A specific purpose should be determined from the outset to enable tuning in the earliest design stages. Heritage models can be developed to explore theories or processes that affect or interact with heritage. Input should also be tuned to relevant temporal and spatial scales and consider duration and location. Additionally, it is important to account for materials and element...

Mountain areas often hold special species communities, and they are high on the list of conservation concern. Global warming and changes in human land use, such as grazing pressure and afforestation, have been suggested to be major threats for biodiversity in the mountain areas, affecting species abundance and causing distribution shifts towards mountaintops. Population shifts towards poles and mountaintops have been documented in several areas, indicating that climate change is one of the key drivers of species’ distribution changes. Despite the high conservation concern, relatively little is known about the population trends of species in mountain areas due to low accessibility and difficult working conditions. Thanks to the recent improvement of bird monitoring schemes around Europe, we can here report a first account of population trends of 44 bird species from four major European mountain regions: Fennoscandia, UK upland, south‐western (Iberia) and south‐central mountains (Alps...

Global climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Large-scale analyses have generally focused on the impacts of climate change on the geographic ranges of species and on phenology, the timing of ecological phenomena. We used long-term monitoring of the abundance of breeding birds across Europe and the United States to produce, for both regions, composite population indices for two groups of species: those for which climate suitability has been either improving or declining since 1980. The ratio of these composite indices, the climate impact indicator (CII), reflects the divergent fates of species favored or disadvantaged by climate change. The trend in CII is positive and similar in the two regions. On both continents, interspecific and spatial variation in population abundance trends are well predicted by climate suitability trends.

The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature-trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our f...

Subsistence harvesting and wild food production by Athabascan peoples is part of an integrated social–ecological system of interior Alaska. We describe effects of recent trends and future climate change projections on the boreal ecosystem of interior Alaska and relate changes in ecosystem services to Athabascan subsistence. We focus primarily on moose, a keystone terrestrial subsistence resource of villages in that region. Although recent climate change has affected the boreal forest, moose, and Athabascan moose harvesting, a high dependence by village households on moose persists. An historical account of 20th century socioeconomic changes demonstrates that the vulnerability of Athabascan subsistence systems to climatic change has in some respects increased while at the same time has improved aspects of village resilience. In the face of future climate and socioeconomic changes, communities have limited but potentially effective mitigation and adaptation opportunities. The extent t...

Investigation of the fluctuations in the snow-covered area of the major glaciers of the Karakoram range is essential for proper water resource management in Pakistan, since its glaciers are responding differently to the rising temperatures. The objective of this paper is to map snow covered area of Hispar glacier in Hunza river basin for the years 1990, 2010 and 2018. Two techniques, (NDPCSI) Normalized Difference Principal Component Snow Index and (NDSI) Normalized Difference Snow Index were used. Hispar glacier of the Hunza basin has lost 114 km2 of its ice cover area, during the last 28 years, with an alarming annual retreat rate of 1.67 km2 of glacier ice from 1990 to 2018. Hunza basin experienced a +1°C rise in both mean minimum and mean maximum temperature during 2007 to 2018.as a result, Karakorum ice reserves have been affected by rising temperature of the region. Due to temperature rise, retreat of snowcovered area of Hispar, Karakoram mountain range shows a shift in the cr...