British History

In the JEH article, which is the main subject of this paper, Naumenko rejected the argument that the famine was a genocide that intentionally targeted Ukrainians and, instead, argued that the evidence showing the Soviet regime's "discrimination" against Ukrainians and Germans is limited. Her alternative explanation of the famine, which occupies most of her article, is extremely problematic. She attempts to discredit approaches that attribute the famine to environmental

The establishment of Camden, New South Wales, the town in 1840, was a private venture of James and William Macarthur, sons of colonial patriarch John Macarthur, at the Nepean River crossing on the northern edge of the family’s pastoral property of Camden Park. The town’s site was enclosed on three sides by a sweeping bend in the Nepean River and has regularly flooded the surrounding farmland and lower parts of the town.

What do the British mean by the term 'The Establishment'? How does it function? Is it a collection of individuals who know each other or a network of interconnected groups based on power and privilege? How does it justify its behaviour? Do its group members share an ideology? Owen Jones's The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It seeks to answer these questions and explain how the neoliberal Establishment threatens British democracy.

Sharon Pollock (1936-) was one of the major contributors to the Anglophone-Canadian theatre that seeks to establish Canadian power through identity. Her effort coincided with the seventies' epoch of Canadian national theatrical awakening. Pollock was provoked by the rarity of Canadian stories on the stage. She realized that the literary production was dominated by the United States or England and the actors were intended to sound like English or the United States. During that Period, she focused on establishing the Canadian independent identity through the production of historical stories. Being newly de-colonized country, Canada wanted to establish a white identity through the racial selection of the desirables and the exclusion of the non-European immigrants.Pollock's historical Inquiry revealed the methods that Canada utilized. Pollock pinpoints that even those who were beneficial to Canada were cast aside because they were non-white. The paper adopts two principles of Critical Race Theory to further detect the use of Institutionalized Racism in the plays. Sharon Pollock tackled controversial Canadian history of oppression and segregation against minorities, such as the native people and the Sikh community. The Komagata Maru incident examines Canadian and East-Indian immigration policy under the Umbrella of the British Empire.

Paul Strathern's Rise and Fall: A History of the World in Ten Empires is a concise world history analyzing the characteristics and impact of ten empires from Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and America. Explaining the spirit of adventure, administration and power of ten of the most significant empires is central to this study. War, subjugation of conquered peoples, and a 'civilising agenda' are linked with this. Broadening the analyzes to include how empires operate hand-in-hand with world civilization (notably long-term social development and technological advances) and the migration of early humans across continents and oceans offers the reader a thought-provoking experience.

In the 1840s and 1850s, agrarian improvement provided the dominant theme within public discussions of Exmoor, both in terms of the strategies required to deliver it, and as a moral imperative, to elevate the moor, its flora and fauna, and even its human inhabitants from their ‘uncivilised’ condition. These calls continued to be published in the 1860s and early 1870s, but they were soon overtaken by a new public narrative, which emphasized the value of Exmoor’s ‘wildness’, and which also depicted the encroachment of agriculture as a threat. Paradoxically, perhaps, in an age of mass publication and transport, it soon became evident that the publicity given to Exmoor’s unspoilt beauty was beginning to attract large numbers of middle-class tourists, who also threatened to extinguish the ‘wildness’ of Exmoor with their own brand of intrusive modernity.

In my 2021 work entitled Ambrosius Aurelianus and the Apocalypse of King Arthur,  I showed that Gildas embedded three sets of  forty-four words into sentences of DE:25-26 of De Excidio Britanniae (DEB, DE:) in relation to the time after the siege of Badon in which he was writing. At that time, due to the pressures of completing that work, a full analysis of DE:25-26 dealing with Ambrosius and Badon was not undertaken. This short paper presents the Christiological numbers (33, 333, 888) embedded in DE:25/26 that confirm beyond doubt that Gildas intended to embed the numbers.

In my 2021 work entitled Ambrosius Aurelianus and the Apocalypse of King Arthur,  I showed that Gildas embedded three sets of forty-four words into sentences of DE:25-26 of De Excidio Britanniae (DEB, DE:). At that time, due to the pressures of completing that work, a full analysis of DE:25-26 dealing with Ambrosius and Badon was not undertaken. In the intervening two years much has now been learnt via the release of subsequent papers. This short paper therefore presents the full numbers embedded in DE:25/26, proving once and for all that he meant the numbers and more than that proving that he did intend to embed three sets of 44 words. This work expands on the religious numbers embdedded that verify the counts, such as 33, 333 and 888.

This article traces the immediate reception of Paine’s Rights of man (Part One) in Germany. It especially focuses on the publication history of the complete translation published in Berlin in 1792, featuring the translator Meta Forkel, her collaborator Georg Forster, and the publisher Christian Friedrich Voß. This reconstruction affords insight into the process of translation as a collaborative enterprise and clearly demonstrates the translator’s agency. When the publisher proved reluctant, publication was dependent on Forkel’s initiative, which highlights the factor of contingency and the willingness to take risks. By detailing the modifications a book might undergo even in the case of a very faithful translation, this article also exemplifies strategies employed in the dissemination of radical works and the adaptation to new cultural and political contexts. Finally, the evidence presented here shows that Paine’s work was considered central by German contemporaries and should be placed alongside the reception of Burke’s in future scholarship on the Revolution debate in Germany.

In the succeeding chapter, “In the Glocal Crossfire: Russia, Britain, and the Caspian (1916-1919),” Denis V. Volkov centralizes this collapse, interrogating political and military developments on the southern Caspian littoral upon the sudden pullback of tsarist Russian power. Volkov’s analysis, which centers especially the exploits of Colonel Lazar Bicherakhov (d. 1952), complicates the motivations of the myriad power brokers that arose after the October Coup of 1917, whether the Bolsheviks, the British, or the White Russians under the command of Bicherakhov. Drawing on a considerable body of Russian- and English-language memoirs, in addition to archival materials from both Russia and the United Kingdom (hitherto unstudied), Volkov demonstrates that Bicherakhov played an outsized and underappreciated role in securing northern Iran for the British, but that incongruent strategic objectives frustrated both his alliance with the British and his relationships with the Whites as well as his short-lived rapprochement with the Bolsheviks. In summary, Volkov draws attention to the transient and variable nature of alliances on the southern Caspian littoral, where major state actors discarded allies and clients in pursuit of realpolitik aims.

The deterioration and decay of the inner urban areas is now becoming an ever-increasing problem for planners. Weak planning and especially poor housing are presented as the biggest contributing factors to urban decay and consequential rises. The aging of buildings is a normal process, but it does not necessarily mean that it must be replaced by new buildings. Restoration and rehabilitation along with preservation of existing buildings can greatly contribute to solving the poor conditions that characterize the inner urban areas. The example of the Transvaal district in Leeuwaarden shows how such an attempt can be made. The success of this project is the result of good organization and management as well as the provision of information. Local enthusiasm and participation have played a major role.

Assessments of Europe’s engagement with the Orient have customarily drawn upon Edward
Said’s theory of Orientalism, an approach that has critically examined the discursive
relationship between East and West. While Said’s theoretical framework has been innovative
in understanding concepts of identity and the language of cultural difference that
underwrote global power relationships, it too often fails to recognise the multiple discourses
and traditions that shaped European perspectives on the ‘East’. This chapter proposes a more nuanced understanding of the ‘East’ in modern European cultural and intellectual history. It assesses the various grammars of European Orientalism in the long nineteenth century, covering French and British colonial ideologies, Austro-Hungarian perceptions of the Balkans, and the ambiguities that characterised the Russian and Ottoman empires. By highlighting the multiple registers of European Orientalism, it argues for a reassessment of the Saidian framework that persists to see Orientalism as a static, trans-historical epistemology. It examines various Orientalist typologies and situates them within their specific historical contexts to re-conceptualise the ‘East’ as a fluid and pluralist category within nineteenth-century European culture. Ultimately, this chapter investigates the complicated dynamics that characterised Europe’s many Orientalist cultures and urge a greater appreciation for the historical experiences that conditioned them across the continent.

As we all know, the periodical press has played a role of inestimable importance in the development and dissemination of feminist thought. This is clearly reflected in the numbers, because in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, approximately 150 feminist periodicals were published in Great Britain alone. (Tusan 2005) These periodicals allowed women to discuss their socio-political views on womanhood from both a national and international perspective. This paper focuses on the case of the English-Italian activist, philosopher and writer Lucy Re-Bartlett (1876-1922), who introduced the core aspects of the English feminist and suffragette movements to the Italian public. Before moving to Italy around 1910, as a member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), she was already actively engaged in political debates on women's rights and role in society. Situated on the more radical wing of the women's suffrage movement, she also actively promoted militant suffrage tactics. (Shew 2021) Yet, whereas the suffragette movement was suspended in 1914 due to the outbreak of the Great War, Lucy Re-Bartlett went on to promote her progressive ideas abroad, especially in Italy. She became a frequent collaborator of the periodicals Vita Femminile and La Nostra Rivista Femminile and her essays The Coming Order (1911) and Sex and Sanctity (1912) were translated and reworked for the Italian audience. 1 In this paper, I want to illustrate how Re-Bartlett's ideas merge and interact with the Italian context and how this intellectual exchange on the pages of the Italian periodical press results in a new, progressive view on the concepts of womanhood, motherhood and femininity as a whole.

This summer I worked at the Eastbourne Library researching every kind of information (names, news and images) on soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action during the First World War for the local study collection. In particular I worked on the archive of the Eastbourne Chronicle a local newspaper issued every Saturday, which is now known as the Eastbourne Herald. Through issue after issue I could follow all the activities of the war: from the recruiting and training of soldiers to the impact of the conflict on everyday life. At the beginning of the war the names of the dead soldiers were in the part of the newspaper generally dedicated to the births, marriages and deaths but with the passing of time they became so many that a special space was created for publishing the Roll of Honour about the East Sussex. Reading the Roll of Honour I could follow the traces of some soldiers mentioned as missing or wounded and find them two or three weeks later among the deaths or more rarely with the survivors. Sometimes a soldier's name can be featured in the news with subjects apparently not directly connected to the war. For this reason during my research I read different articles and one drew my attention; "An Eastbournian in Italy". It was about AJ Vinall, a private of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, who wrote his impressions about the life in the small village where he lived. Vinall didn't write where he stayed, probably in the North East were there was the front between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Between 1917 and 1918 most British troops were concentrated on the Eastern Alps and the Royal Warwickshire were here. The involvement of British troops in Italy has been largely overlooked in favour of the Western Front. The village of which Vinall spoke was most likely in this area but I can't say precisely where: the poor condition of the villagers he describes were unfortunately very common. Indeed Vinall didn't write on the war at the Italian front but on the hard life of this people: What the villagers live on passes my comprehension. There seems to be no sit-down meal, but bits eaten here and there, and while going about their work. The staple food seems to be polenta, made from maize flour, and it helps out sometimes when bread is short Vinall write about things which may be common for us today but not for him or the readers of the newspaper: I have not seen the country people drink anything but vino, made from grapes. It is given to the children as well as adults, and seems to be their only drink. I have never tried vino, as I have seen its effects too much, but must not write more about that. Upon reading these articles for the first time the main thing I liked was Vinall's concern for the poor condition of the villagers and his openness regarding them: Another item of interest is that some of the people sit in the sheds with the cows to keep warm and save firing. I tried one night, but my nostrils did not allow me to remain. Even children have gone back to the old ages, and we find them sleeping in the mangers. The fighting on the Italian Front during the First World War was marked by harsh weather conditions and terrain deeply unsuited for fighting. The article was of March 1918 and the Eastbourne Chronicle promised more news from him and I was very interested because I would like read others of his impressions on my country. Unfortunately AJ Vinall never wrote again and I didn't find other information about him in the Chronicle.

Recent furor over the killing of Khalistan leader, a Canadian national on a Canadian soil has sparked diplomatic row between the two governments. As a result, both the governments visà-vis Canada and India have initiated a series of drastic actions calling back the top embassy and consulate officers, non-issuance of visa, freezing the trade talks and issuance of advisory

Partendo dall’emergere della conflittualità etnica in epoca coloniale, il paper affronta le pesanti ingerenze internazionali in Ruanda che ne hanno condizionato la storia recente. Dopo il genocidio del 1994, la fine della guerra civile e l’uscita di scena della Francia, compromessa con il precedente regime, il paese ha trovato nel Regno Unito un nuovo garante internazionale. Una relazione privilegiata, non priva di ambiguità e gravida di conseguenze, che ha portato il Ruanda ad entrare nel Commonwealth nel 2009, e a un crescente protagonismo politico-militare nella regione dei grandi laghi.

The Transatlantic slave trade radically affected Africa's potential to develop economically and endeavor its social and political stability. The incursion of Europeans on the West African Coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent incite a continuous process of exploitation of Africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. This deceitful commerce influenced the African political and religious endeavors, the warrior elites and the biracial elite, who made small gains from the slave trade, to participate in the oppression of their own people. The Europeans, on their part, enjoyed from the Atlantic trade, since it allowed them to amass the raw materials that fed the Industrial Revolution to the detriment of African societies whose capacity to transform their modes of production into a viable entrepreneurial economy was severely halted. This paper relies solely on secondary data sourced from articles, journals, publication and more. We exemplified the political, economic and the socio-cultural impacts of slave trade in West Africa sub-region.

(War) destruction of a city is not easily representable. Not only is the entirety of urban space hardly ever equally affected but also, within the damaged areas, there are different degrees of ruination. Along with photos and aerial photography, maps are one of the most common means of representing cities’ war destruction. Despite their appearance, however, they are not an objective and impartial representation, but rather a narrative that can be deconstructed and interpreted in various ways. This paper inquires to what extent the Cottbus war damage map is a reliable testimony of the urban disaster, what its limitations are, and what story it tells. For all its precision, it was not made to serve utilitarian purposes, but rather as a mean of commemoration. This draws our attention to the fact that maps should not be only measured by their accuracy, but rather recognized and assessed on their own terms.

12 kwietnia 1861 r. baterie konfederackie otworzyły ogień do Fortu Sumter w Zatoce Charlestońskiej, rozpoczynając wojnę secesyjną. Od tego momentu Charleston nieprzestawał przyciągać uwagi admirałów i generałów Unii. Pomijając jego znaczenie jako portu, do którego zawijały łamacze blokady, miasto było symbolemi matecznikiem rebelii, a jego zdobycie miałoby ogromne znaczenie moralne.

This study examines the role of British involvement and the impact of epidemic diseases during the Hajj pilgrimage from 1908 to 1914. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of British documents, the research sheds light on the extent of British engagement and its repercussions on the spread and management of epidemics within the context of the Hajj. By exploring the documented evidence, including official reports and correspondence, this paper offers valuable insights into the British perspective and its influence on the dynamics of epidemic diseases during this critical period. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical interplay between colonial powers and the challenges posed by epidemic outbreaks during religious gatherings.

From December 1963 to August 1974, Cyprus was gripped by on-and-off again political violence, involving Greek Cypriot, Turkish Cypriot, and Greek and Turkish forces, which led to many casualties and the forced geographical separation (i.e. partition) of the population owing to ethnic-cleansing. The mass violence is usually classified as an example of post-British/post-imperial violence and partition, with the replacement of the British by the Americans from 1964, thus it has also been seen through the prism of the Cold War. This paper builds on this research by adding an additional dimension, by viewing these events as also being an example of late post-Ottoman mass violence. It starts by focussing on the British colonial period to establish the post-Ottoman characteristics that evolved, before showing how many of these lingered and were at the heart of the mass violence from 1963-1974.

Adaptive reuse is practiced, a fusion of uses takes place, resulting in a livelier environment. When done properly, adaptive reuse will guarantee that the building retains its original character even while it is functional. Additionally, even when the building's identity changes, its integrity is preserved. Understanding why structures collapse makes it feasible to prevent the abandonment of other structures. And this revitalization might take the shape of remodeling, restoration, retrofitting, or straightforward reuse. Although there are other options, adaptive reuse appears to be the most preferred one because of its many advantages.
A more practical and logical response is developed by taking a closer look at these two as a remedy for the growing discrepancy between the demand for land and the requirement for usage.

The book under review is Tolan's first monograph dedicated to another medieval "Other"- the Jews, after decades have passed since his dissertation on the converted Jew Petrus Alfonsi was published. He sums up a dramatic process in a readable style, directing it not only towards the experts but towards the average person interested in medieval history. What occupies him most is the neglect of the medieval presence of English Jewry which fell into oblivion. According to Tolan, this is the source of the deeply rooted antagonism towards Jews which still prevails in English society. This is what makes his book so valuable to the reader.

تناولتْ هذه الدراسةُ المعركةَ التي أطلقَ عليها اسمُ "معركة خنّور"، نسبةً إلى قلعةٍ في مدينةِ أبو ظبي، والتي وقعتْ في شهرَيْ يناير وفبراير من عام 1889م بين القواتِ القطريّةِ والقواتِ الظبيانيّةِ، والتي لمْ تكنْ معركةً عاديّةً بين القبائلِ كغيرِها من المعاركِ التي شهدَتْها منطقةُ الخليج العربي في تلك الفترة، كما تناولت الدراسة الأسبابَ التي أدتْ إلى قيامِ هذهِ المعركة، وردودَ الفعلِ التي نتجتْ عنْها، سواءً على الصعيدِ المحلي أم الإقليمي. الكلمات المفتاحية: معركة خنّور، أبو ظبي، قطر، الشيخ قاسم، .الشيخ زايد