Alexander the Great

This paper argues that Jacoby’s fragment  of Ephippus of Olynthus’ lost pamphlet on the deaths of Hephaestion and Alexander conceals a malevolently distorted and hitherto unrecognised reference to Alexander’s adoption in / BC of the traditional hunting style of the Assyrian and Achaemenid kings, namely, the use of a chariot and archery in pursuit of lions. The paper puts this startling development into the larger context of, firstly, Alexander’s political and cultural Persianising, and, secondly, the rich symbolism of the royal lion hunter in the ancient near east. Finally the paper asks how far such ‘misreadings’ of the historical Alexander’s Asian monarchy by the first generation of Greek Alexander-historians might have coloured the later ancient view of Alexander’s alleged quest for deification.

Poco después de la caída de Constantinopla de 1453 Fernán Pérez de Guzmán se lamentó de la fortuna del Imperio Bizantino a través de un poema cancioneril dirigido a su sobrino, el Marqués de Santillana. En este breve texto conectó directamente a los habitantes de este imperio mediterráneo del siglo XV con los griegos de la Antigüedad, afirmando que históricamente la “provinçia greçiana” había destacado por ser “sabia por filosophya”, “fuerte por cavalleria” y “por santa fe cristiana”.
El presente trabajo busca demostrar que expresiones culturales como las encontradas en Pérez de Guzmán no eran nociones aisladas, sino que responden a una concepción de la Historia y del mundo entendidos en clave providencialista. Para finales de la Edad Media, Bizancio había perdido en el occidente europeo su reconocimiento como continuador del Imperio Romano universal, siendo caracterizado como un imperio o reino puramente local y llamado “griego”. Por otra parte, si bien los habitantes de Bizancio eran entendidos como parte del mismo pueblo que había asediado Troya en un pasado lejano, se entendía que los griegos bizantinos habían sufrido un proceso de degeneración en todos los sentidos, conceptualizado a través de la idea de traslación o translatio. En este sentido, si la Grecia antigua era famosa por su virtud militar y moral, su liderazgo político o su sabiduría, este papel privilegiado se había trasladado a occidente a través de la acción divina. En la presente ponencia se emplearán fuentes como la Suma de historia troyana, los Castigos de Sancho IV o el Itinerario de Pero Tafur para tratar de exponer un ejemplo paradigmático de como en la Edad Media se recibieron continuamente personajes, temas y hechos de la Antigüedad, modificándolos y adaptándolos para construir una visión del mundo propia y original, adaptada a sus propias condiciones históricas y sociales.

Introduction to Viraf's Journey to the Afterlife A Divine Calamity Enacted a few Centuries Before it became a Comedy. This is the story of a Zoroastrian priest who was sent to the land of the dead about 1800 years ago. curiosity about the afterlife is not new. Many cultures were fascinated by the other side, indicated by, for example, stories of the Erinyes (i.e., the Furies) and Hermes in Greek Mythology, Mesopotamian Etana, much later, the story of Mi'raj of Mohammad, and C.S. Lewis's The Great Divorce.

Archaeological studies with the help of geographic information systems and remote sensing have been used in temporal, spatial, regional analysis and to investigate traditional and historical ways of human life. Remote sensing alludes to a wide variety of high-technology methods for collecting data pertaining to the physical or chemical properties of an archaeological site survey. The aim of this study is to identify the archaeological site of Makli graveyard and Banbhore fort through satellite images and explore the major land cover patterns on the southern part of Sindh province using geospatial technologies. Additional goals are to evaluate and visualize the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the southern part of Sindh province. A landsat-8 OLI / TIRS of 20th December 2014 and a DEM image were used to classify land cover and artifacts at the site. The result indicates that historical monuments at Makli, and Banbhore fort, Thatta testify in an outstanding manner, to the civilization...

In: Magdeburger Volksstimme, Freitag, 8. September 2023, S. 22.

Archäologie-Professor Stefan Lehmann zum Wiederauftauchen der seit Jahren umstrittenen Bronze-Statue Alexanders des Großen Seit 2008 schwelt ein Streit zwischen dem Winckelmann-Museum in Stendal und Stefan Lehmann (71), Professor für Archäologie, zu einer acht Jahre zuvor ausgestellten Bronze-Statue Alexanders des Großen. Er bezeichnet den sensationellen Kopf als Fälschung, es kam sogar zum Rechtsstreit. Das Ausstellungsstück verschwand, doch es tauchte nun wieder auf. Über die Entwicklungen sprach Matthias Fricke mit ihm.

At present time our history books contain many absurd propositions which it is difficult to support by sober reasoning. Our dogmatic religious faith hinders any sober writer to claim against the age-old superstitions. Today we can have a look on Sanatan dharma or Hindu religion. The word Sanatan is generally construde as ageless or eternal whereas its literal meaning is " those who created it did not embrace it".For a more clear understanding , we shall have to look to the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek languages. These two have common root of words, forms of grammar and mode of expression. Thus it is clear that the two languages were created simultaneously. Practically, Greeks had no knowledge of India prior to Alexander's invasion of India. Thus the two languages can not be dreamt of prior to the rise of Alexander the Great. As Megasthenes, a contemporary of Alexander, clearly mentions that the Indians did not have the art of writing, it is a natural corrolary that the Sanskrit iterature, including the Vedas and Mahabharat are posterior to the Greek invasion. Thus Indra of the Rigveda , who had come to India leading the Greeks, Iranions, Dahae and others was none other than Alexander. The participation of Greeks in large numbers in Mahabharat war was not possible before the time of Alexander. Placing Mahabharat War in 4th or 5th millanum BC and Rigveda about 1500 BC,is simply rediculous.

Image Source: Google, Image By: Picryl Alexandria, also known as Al-Iskandariyyah, is a significant city in Egypt. It was once a great city of the Mediterranean world, known for its Greek learning and science. Founded by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, it served as Egypt's capital until it surrendered to Arab forces led by ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ in 642 CE. Today, Alexandria is one of Egypt's largest cities, serving as a major seaport and industrial hub. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea, at the western edge of the Nile River delta, approximately 114 miles (183 km) northwest of Cairo in Lower Egypt. The city covers an area of 116 square miles (300 square km) and had a population of 4,110,015 in 2006.

La Koiné Eiréne o Paz Común es un concepto clave dentro de la Historia Antigua de Grecia. Sobre él versan gran parte de los acontecimientos que acontecieron en la Hélade a lo largo del siglo IV a.C. En este contexto, este trabajo se propone analizar la situación existente en el territorio griego que conllevó a la formulación de la primera koiné eiréne, como método para resolver los problemas que se estaban ocurriendo. Igualmente, se analizarán los sucesivos intentos que existieron, hasta la dominación macedonia, de lograr una unidad entre las diferentes póleis, a costa, generalmente, del desempeño hegemónico de alguna de ellas. Además, a lo largo del trabajo se manejarán otros conceptos estrechamente vinculados entre sí, como lo son el panhelenismo, la hegemonía, la paz en el mundo griego o la creación de identidades; y que son necesarios para entender la aplicación de dichas paces.

To obtain the cut-off value of anthropometric measurements and nutritional status of elderly in Indonesia. A multicentre-cross sectional study was performed at 9 hospitals in Indonesia. The data collected comprises of samples characteristics, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, trisep, bisep, subscapular, suprailiac, and circumference of the hip, waist, arm, calf, and thigh), albumin value, MNA score and ADL Index of Barthel. A total of 702 subjects were collected. The average value of serum albumin is 4.28 g/dl, with 98% subjects had normal serum albumin (> 3.5 g/dl). The mean MNA score and BMI was 23.07 and 22.54 respectively. Most of subjects (56.70%) had risk of malnutrition based on MNA score, and 45.01% had normal nutritional status based on body mass index. Average value of several anthropometric measures (weight, stature, and body mass index; sub-scapular and supra-iliac skinfolds; thigh, calf, mid-arm, and waist circumferences) in various age groups in both grou...

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo fazer um breve mapeamento das relações entre a história e o romance, de modo a fornecer àqueles interessados em algumas possibilidades de se explorar os potenciais de tratar destas relações não apenas como uma chave para se compreender como obras literárias são e foram produzidas ou são e foram consumidas, mas sim enquanto diferentes formas de discurso através do qual nos relacionamos com o passado, inclusive dentro do espectro de práticas que hoje denominamos história pública.

My review for Rhea Classical Review of U. Kästner and S. Schmidt, eds.,
Inszenierung von Identitäten: Unteritalische Vasenmalerei zwischen Griechen und Indigenen, Beiheft ezum Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Deutschland Band VIII (München: C.H.Beck, 2018).

Though it was Alexandria's Pharos lighthouse that was counted among the Seven Wonders of the World,[3] Ancient Alexandria – a city founded by Alexander the Great as a showplace “metropolis linking Greece and Egypt”[4] – was a city in which wonders abounded. The city featured ...

The Romans were conquerors, and it is unsurprising that they looked favorably upon the greatest conqueror of antiquity, Alexander the Great. In Livy's Ab Urbe Condita, there are several passages in which he uses the image of Alexander to help craft his own concept of Rome's place within the wider Hellenistic world, especially within the eastern Mediterranean. Livy, despite his generally positive opinion of Alexander, ultimately created scenarios where he portrayed the Romans as superior to the Macedonian king, first, because of the primary focus of Livy's history, namely the rise of Rome to Mediterranean dominance, and second, because of the political atmosphere in which Livy was writing, namely the complete submission of the Mediterranean basin under Augustus' empire. Although scattered throughout Livy's extensive writing, when analyzed together these passages illustrate a persistent and connected motif that influences Livy's larger narrative: Alexander was great, but Rome is greater.

Reconstructing the image of Alexander III of Macedon remains one of the most complex tasks for ancient historians. Before we get close, ‘it seems there is a great, noisy crowd of ancient authors in the way’. The accounts we do have rely on the lost histories of Alexander’s contemporaries. These works are distinguished in two types of tradition: the ‘Official’ sources of Alexander are by Arrian who relies avowedly on Ptolemy and Aristoboulus; and the ‘Vulgate’ sources are from Diodorus, Plutarch and Curtius who rely on Kleitarchos. Though writing long after Alexander’s death and adding their own tone, these sources provide invaluable contemporary accounts through various fragments and quotations. Drawing on these accounts, this essay shall select ways Alexander promoted himself and the motivations behind them. It shall begin with a focus on the works of Lysippus and Apelles, over which Alexander likely had influence. These pieces reveal Alexander felt no hesitation in transgressing the boundaries of mortal and divine, for what can be seen through artwork and his actions is the presence of godly attributes. The essay shall then move to a discussion about the fundamental reason behind such bold imagery. Ultimately, Alexander moulded his image based on his strong desire to exceed the achievements of his heroic lineage and transcend mortal status. Crucially, this included him positioning his own father, Philip II, as a rival whose achievements he had to surpass. The likeliness of this rivalry will be substantiated by drawing on the sources that reveal the hostile relationship they shared. Overall, Alexander ‘in his quest for power and glory, aimed to diminish himself as a human being’ and be elevated to divine status.

Alexandra d’Epiro Dusmet de Beaulieu



Dal fiume Ἀχέρων Savuto Ăchĕrōn Ōcinarus

ballata del Mondo Antico, Grecia, Magna Graecia, Roma

Ballade et Chanson de Geste

Le chêne des deux rois et l'idée du merveilleux

Quercŭs Ălexandĕr imperator et Ălexandĕr Epiri rex

Alessandro Magno Alessandro d'Epiro e l'idea del meraviglioso


Albero Monumentale N 24 Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali

ora  Ministero dell' Agricoltura  della Sovranità Alimentare e delle  Foreste

decreto direttoriale n. 330598 del 26/07/2022

di aggiornamento dell’Elenco degli Alberi monumentali d’Italia

valore storico, culturale, religioso GU Serie Generale n.182 del 05-08-2022

Ministero della Cultura Direzione Generale Biblioteche e diritto d’autore Servizio II -

Diritto d'Autore  prot. n. 0000727-A del 19-01-2023  dep. 19-12/2022, art. 31 del R.D. 1369/1942.

Canto e Danza del Mondo Antico, volume II ricostruzione metrica storica canto e spartito per pianoforte.

Culture: Grecia- Magna Grecia-Roma.

Lingue italiano, latino, greco antico, inglese, francese.


Ὰλέξανδρος

Aléxandros

Published data on silver flows and stocks, gathered in volumes published by Moneta, provide a basis for initial steps in documenting flows of silver production and commerce from the sixteenth through the nineteenth century. Collection and publication of comprehensive data on silver flows will generate the first comprehensive study of flows of a commodity in the world economy of recent centuries, and will facilitate advances in global economic history. This article presents estimates from 1400 through 1900, showing annual flows of production, cumulative stocks (accounting for various levels of wear and tear), and the long-term rate of growth in silver stocks.Recent economic historical study of silver in the world economy, from the 15th century onward, has stopped short of comprehensive quantitative analysis. This group uses recently published date from the nineteenth-century silver boom and the international meetings associated with the gold standard to begin such comprehensive analy...

Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is one of the most poisonous plants in the world. Accidental ingestion of the plant could result in central nervous system depression, respiratory failure and even death. Airway and breathing management followed by fluid resuscitation is the mainstay of treatment. Poison hemlock poisoning is an important differential diagnosis for patients with impaired consciousness and respiratory failure after plant ingestion in areas of natural habitat for the plant. Early and proper diagnosis is vital for patients with poison hemlock poisoning. In this report, we present a case of life-threatening poisoning due to taking the poison hemlock mistaken for Helichrysum arenarium.

1 Sources et problèmes : un état de la question 1.1 L'Asie mineure : récentes synthèses Même si, fort heureusement, les plus récentes découvertes et publications ont donné une importance nouvelle à la Babylonie et à l'Égypte en ce domaine, il demeure que, parmi tous les territoires achéménides, qui vont constituer la base de l'empire d'Alexandre puis des royaumes des diadoques, les pays d'Asie mineure occidentale restent parmi les mieux documentés, tant pour l'époque achéménide que pour l'époque hellénistique. Un inventaire précis 1 montrerait que la densité des sites archéologiques actifs y est remar-quablement élevée ;-que les découvertes de témoignages iconographiques s'ajoutent d'année en année 2 ;-que, dans le même temps, s'accumulent les publications de textes 1 Des bilans (pour la période achéménide) ont été présentés dans bilan 2000 et sq. reste à dresser. Je ne connais pas de bilan comparable pour l'époque hellénisti-que (l'ét...

Jason's shining arrival at Myrine, in Apollonius' Argonautica, wearing a purple cloak and with a spear in the hand, highlights a glamorous heroic excellence that has its origin in Alexander the Great and evokes the military ceremonial mantles displayed during the Ptolemaic processions. Jason is so seductive that the Lemnian women feel ravished at his sight. He evokes Achilles at the gates of Troy sparkling with his armour (Il. 22.25-32). But the battlefield will be the bed in women's arms. He and almost all of his crew are going to be married to the Lemnians, just as Alexander and his officers did at Susa in 324 BCE. Through a literary resource cherished by Hellenistic poets, an ecphrasis, Apollonius challenges the epic canon, suggesting readings that merge fiction with historical facts, through two opposite cosmic forces φιλότης and νεῖκος. The seven scenes embroidered in the cloak embody them in its tension. Aphrodite, who holds the shield of Ares and sees herself on it, represents those two forces that give the plot, as well as history, its dynamics.

Alexander's Exiles Decree* Alexander's decree restoring all exiles, with certain exceptions, to all Greek cities was pronounced by his emissary Nicanor at the Olympian festival of 324. 1 This Exiles Decree has been treated as one of the most obvious proofs of Alexander's interference in the affairs of Greek cities and his open violation of the covenants of the Corinthian League. 2 Largely for this reason, the Exiles Decree has been directly connected with the war of the Greeks against the Macedonian rule, known as the Lamian war, that broke out a few months after Alexander's death in June 323. 3 * The following abbreviations have been used specifically in this article: Heisserer, Alexander for A. J. Heisserer, Alexander the Great and the Greeks. The epigraphic evidence, Norman 1980; Worthington, Mytilene Decree for I. Worthington, Alexander the Great and the Date of the Mytilene Decree, ZPE 83,

The main object of this research is the Qiṣṣat Ḏī l-Qarnayn (“The Story of the Two-Horned”), an Arabic version of the Alexander Romance, which we also examined within the framework of the Western-Arabic tradition of this literary cycle. The bipartite structure of this thesis reflects the two-fold interest of the Qiṣṣat Ḏī l-Qarnayn. In fact, the first part of this thesis concerns the linguistic variety of this text, which can be recognized as an Andalusi Middle Arabic variety, whereas the second part focuses on the content of the Qiṣṣat Ḏī l-
Qarnayn and of the other Western-Arabic versions of the Alexander Romance.

https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kunst-und-architektur/alexanderbueste-aus-stendal-unter-raubkunstverdacht-19128245.html

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - Aktualisiert am 25.08.2023

„Der so plötzlich aufgetauchte wie verschwundene Alexander, mit dem das Winckelmann-Museum in Stendal wucherte, ist wieder da – und nach Griechenland restituiert worden.“

This paper provides a new discussion of the date of the Roman embassy led by P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus to the Greek East. Based on an analysis of the main sources on the embassy (the excerpta Constantiniana of Diodorus Siculus, Cicero’s Lucullus and De re publica, as well as the works of Plutarch and Strabo), the paper argues that the traditional reconstruction, which has been defended most of all by Alan E. Astin, who argued that the embassy took place in 140-139 BCE, after Scipio’s censorship, must be considered the right one, forcing us to reject the revisionist attempt of Harold B. Mattingly to date the embassy
prior to Aemilianus’ censorship.

Physiognomy, the art of observing and making inferences from physical features of the body, was practised from c. 1500 BCE (when it is mentioned in Mesopotamian handbooks on divination). A focus on personal character (and a reflection on the relation between physical and psychical facts) seems to be a Greek innovation. Aristotle attempted to give an inductive basis to assertions of the interdependence of body and soul (in An. pr. 2.27); the Historia animalium provided empirical evidence that corroborated early ideas about moral types among animals. The first extant treatise on the subject, the Physiognomonica (a Peripatetic work of c. 300 BCE long attributed to Aristotle), established a few criteria of comparison with animal, racial, and gender types, as well as with the expressions of emotions. This treatise is the forerunner of a tradition embracing Polemon of Laodicea in the 2nd century CE, an anonymous Latin treatise (Anonymus Latinus) in the 4th, as well as medieval, Renaissance, and modern writers. As a sign-based form of knowledge, physiognomy has been used in (and has drawn on) medicine, ethnography, and astrology. Physiognomic judgements were prized by orators because of their persuasive force. Artists too were well versed in physiognomy. Key to the popularity of the discipline is its claim of providing a comprehensive interpretation of the human world. This was based on a rationalization of everyday intuitions, folklore, and considerations of social status.

Interview of Dr Artemis Papatheodorou to Dr Amara Thornton on her engagements with the history of archaeology

Available at: https://historyofarchaeologyioa.weebly.com/historians-of-archaeology/dr-artemis-papatheodorou?fbclid=IwAR3Mo6CJF3vXiGzSwYTSpv4ZcryclR7EQzI4-36HJM2vHDNjnd7Jicnj5yA

Vortrag im Rahmen der Vorlesungsreihe 'Unterseeboote, Flugmaschinen und nackte Philosophen: Das Nachleben Alexanders des Großen zwischen Macht und Märchen', organisiert von Prof. Dr. Andrew James Johnston, Prof. Dr. Wolfram Keller und Jan-Peer Hartmann (FU Berlin, Offener Hörsaal, SomS 2023);
Link zur Mediathek: https://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/offenerhoersaal/service/mediathek/mythos-alexander/20230713-hans-juergen-scheuer/index.html

No periodo helenistico, a narrativa de viagens, associada ao relato amoroso, vem suscitar novos horizontes de leitura, no mundo do ecumeno greco-romano, particularmente em um ambiente alexandrino marcado pela pesquisa, erudicao e culto dos generos literarios herdados do periodo classico da Helade. Dentre as narrativas gregas de viagens, Os Efesios, cuja autoria e atribuida a Xenofonte de Efeso, apresenta as marcas recorrentes das historias romanescas: dois belissimos jovens, Habrocomes e Antia, se apaixonam perdidamente, casam-se, saem em viagem de nupcias, mas acabam separados; passam por numerosas provacoes ate serem agraciados, no final, com o reencontro e a felicidade tao ansiada. Assim, o presente trabalho pretende tracar o percurso da odisseia dos amantes de Efeso pelo Mediterrâneo Oriental, partindo da cidade de Efeso, ponto de partida e de chegada do relato amoroso.

O presente trabalho pretende oferecer uma visao geral da vida e das facanhas de Alexandre Magno, do ponto de vista de Pseudo-Calistenes, em sua obra Romance de Alexandre Magno, que serve como ponto de partida para a analise de algumas tradicoes em relacao a figura brilhante de Alexandre e sua apresentacao como um rei muito culto e sabio.  A imagem de Alexandre Magno nesta obra penetra fundo na imaginacao popular. Imagem esta que nao e correta historicamente, mas e aquela que o publico preferiu.

A presença da religiosidade é uma das características mais marcantes do romance grego de aventuras Os Efésios, de Xenofonte de Éfeso. Com efeito, o sincretismo, próprio da cultura de então, perpassa toda a narrativa. Determinadas divindades, - Eros, Ártemis, Apolo, Hera, Ísis, Ápis, Hélio, o Nilo-, desempenham um papel ativo na trama do romance. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem o propósito de apresentar essas divindades, suas principais características e como se inter-relacionam dentro do romance Os Efésios.

La autoría del Reso sigue siendo motivo de controversias; sin embargo, las marcas épicas y trágicas son decisivas en su estructura y estilo. Nuestra reflexión va a centrarse en Héctor, a quien varios comentadores consideran, con razón, su protagonista. Existe consenso al reconocer que su versión trágica pierde en prestigio y humanidad, comparada con su modelo épico. En primer lugar, hay un rasgo omitido en la tragedia, en buena parte responsable por esta desvalorización: el que ahora reina sobre Troya prescinde de la faceta de defensor de los suyos, de héroe preocupado por su pueblo, o incluso sensible en sus relaciones personales con su madre Hécuba, su esposa Andrómaca y su hijo Astianacte, y también con la causante de la crisis en la ciudad, Helena. Está, por lo tanto, circunscrito a la condición de guerrero y sobre todo a los criterios que, en esta medida, deben guiar su comportamiento: la autoridad sobre los subordinados y el tratamiento dado al enemigo. Es puesto a prueba en l...

Alexandre da Macedónia, justo merecedor do título de Magno, representou para o mundo seu contemporâneo um derrubar de fronteiras, políticas e culturais, que transformou os limites entre a Europa, Ásia e África. Mais do que as vitórias militares, em que o jovem rei se mostrou exímio estratega, vai interessar-nos o plano que forjou de modo a criar uma verdadeira fusão política e cultural entre os povos conquistados. Apesar das barreiras que vontades adversas lhe opuseram, Alexandre conseguiu, mesmo assim, que o mundo que deixou, precocemente, se tivesse para sempre modificado.

Deutsche Welle, 22. August 2023
Restituted sculpture of Alexander the Great — a forgery?
Suzanne Cords and Sönje Storm
https://www.dw.com/en/restituted-sculpture-of-alexander-the-great-a-forgery/a-66599759
In May 2023, the Greek Ministry of Culture rejoiced at the return of ancient objects, including a sculpture of Alexander the Great. One catch: Is it real?