15th Century

The subject of the deliberations is an anonymous publicist text entitled “Fundamenta catholicae religionis”. The text from the manuscript of the Czartoryski Library refers directly to the Union of Horodlo. On the basis of an analysis of its content, the authoress of the article has dated it to the year 1632 – that is to the beginning of the period of interregnum after the death of Sigismund III Vasa; it was a time of persistent political struggle between on the one hand, the royalist faction which grouped supporters of hereditary monarchy and Catholic confessionalization, and on the other hand, the Protestant-Orthodox opposition under the leadership of Krzysztof II Radziwill. The most important feature of the above text, from the point of view of taking advantage of the tradition of the Union of Horodlo in the political argumentation, is emphasizing the contractual character of the union and refusing Lithuanians (and particularly Catholics) an equal share in the public and civil rig...

ELABORAT ISTRAŽIVAČKIH RADOVA I PRIJEDLOG PREZENTACIJE
RESTAURATORSKIH RADOVA NA ZGRADI ŠTEDOVNE I PREDUJMOVNE ZADRUGE U VIROVITICI 1995. 
Na zahtjev Zavoda za platni promet , Podružnica Bjelovar , Poslovnica Virovitica , dana 22.
studenog 1994. godine u zgradi Zavoda , održan je sastanak između gospođe Vesne Filipović ,djelatnice Zavoda i Milivoja Šegana , akademskog kipara - restauratora iz Zagreba , voditelja samostalne grupe Autora: restauratora i konzervatora
Konzervatorsko - restauratorskau  dokumentaciju izveli:

MILIVOJ ŠEGAN , akademski kipar - Voditelj radova
NIVES MAKSIMOVIĆ , likovni tehničar
JASNA BOGDANOVIĆ , akademski kipar

The word “book,” as we use it today, refers to printed or written pages that are bound together in hardcover or paperback. Arabs use the word kitāb to refer to both a book and a letter, inscription, document, or piece of written paper. In this study, it is used to refer to manuscripts, meaning codices, which are prepared by sewing the pages and binding them between two covers. Before Sultan Mehmed II conquered Istanbul and made it the center of culture and art, the relations of other sultans, especially his father Murad II, with books and libraries began in the madrasahs during the reign of Orhan Gâzi (r. 1324-1362). Although it is not possible to talk about intensive book preparation activities or large libraries during the establishment phase of the Ottoman Empire, during the struggling periods of Osman I (r. 1302-1324) and Orhan Ghazi, cultural activities began in Iznik during the Orhan Ghazi period, and it should be noted that the first madrasah was established here. With the conquest of Edirne by Murad I. (r. 1362-1389), scientific activities began to increase, the important scholar of the period Molla Fanari (d. 1431) and the scholars who grew up in the Ottoman madrasahs began to produce works. At the end of the examining of the manuscripts, which are stated to have been prepared for Sultan Mehmed Han (r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481) in the dedication text on the frontispiece, 148 manuscripts were identified. Currently, 86 of these manuscripts are in various collections in the Süleymaniye Manuscript Library. Forty-five of the rest are in the collections of the Topkapı Palace Museum Library and in various collections in Turkey and abroad. Sultan Mehmed II transported the manuscripts in his library first to the Old Palace in Istanbul and then to the New Palace (today’s Topkapı Palace), which was completed in the mid-1460s. In addition, after the conquest, he had libraries established in various centers in the city and donated books to them. The catalouge of the Islamic manuscripts in these manuscripts was written in 1502 and 1503, after the manuscripts were recorded in the “Register of Books”. It was sealed and recorded by Bayezid’s librarian, ‘Atufi. Except for four of the manuscripts examined within the scope of the study, Bayezid II’s seal has been identified. The manuscripts that were distributed to the foundation libraries established in the 16th and 17th centuries were stored in the library created with metal shelves in the small madrasah rooms of the Evvel and Sani Madrasahs in the Süleymaniye Complex. Apart from the manuscripts that Mehmed II donated or the ones were written for him in different locations and given as gifts, the manuscripts prepared by his own order have certain common features. Decoration patterns and motifs similar to each other are tooled on the leather bindings. Various textiles used in checkered, striped silk-cotton fabric bindings were used repeatedly in different periods. Among the manuscripts of Sultan Mehmed II, Chinese paper was used to cover a single paper binding. In this study, the manuscripts with dedication records of Mehmed II, the gathering of these manuscripts, the thoughts on the workshops they were prepared and finally their place in the collections of the Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, where they are preserved today, were examined.

The word “book,” as we use it today, refers to printed or written pages that are bound together in hardcover or paperback. Arabs use the word kitāb to refer to both a book and a letter, inscription, document, or piece of written paper. In this study, it is used to refer to manuscripts, meaning codices, which are prepared by sewing the pages and binding them between two covers. Before Sultan Mehmed II conquered Istanbul and made it the center of culture and art, the relations of other sultans, especially his father Murad II, with books and libraries began in the madrasahs during the reign of Orhan Gâzi (r. 1324-1362). Although it is not possible to talk about intensive book preparation activities or large libraries during the establishment phase of the Ottoman Empire, during the struggling periods of Osman I (r. 1302-1324) and Orhan Ghazi, cultural activities began in Iznik during the Orhan Ghazi period, and it should be noted that the first madrasah was established here. With the conquest of Edirne by Murad I. (r. 1362-1389), scientific activities began to increase, the important scholar of the period Molla Fanari (d. 1431) and the scholars who grew up in the Ottoman madrasahs began to produce works. At the end of the examining of the manuscripts, which are stated to have been prepared for Sultan Mehmed Han (r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481) in the dedication text on the frontispiece, 148 manuscripts were identified. Currently, 86 of these manuscripts are in various collections in the Süleymaniye Manuscript Library. Forty-five of the rest are in the collections of the Topkapı Palace Museum Library and in various collections in Turkey and abroad. Sultan Mehmed II transported the manuscripts in his library first to the Old Palace in Istanbul and then to the New Palace (today’s Topkapı Palace), which was completed in the mid-1460s. In addition, after the conquest, he had libraries established in various centers in the city and donated books to them. The catalouge of the Islamic manuscripts in these manuscripts was written in 1502 and 1503, after the manuscripts were recorded in the “Register of Books”. It was sealed and recorded by Bayezid’s librarian, ‘Atufi. Except for four of the manuscripts examined within the scope of the study, Bayezid II’s seal has been identified. The manuscripts that were distributed to the foundation libraries established in the 16th and 17th centuries were stored in the library created with metal shelves in the small madrasah rooms of the Evvel and Sani Madrasahs in the Süleymaniye Complex. Apart from the manuscripts that Mehmed II donated or the ones were written for him in different locations and given as gifts, the manuscripts prepared by his own order have certain common features. Decoration patterns and motifs similar to each other are tooled on the leather bindings. Various textiles used in checkered, striped silk-cotton fabric bindings were used repeatedly in different periods. Among the manuscripts of Sultan Mehmed II, Chinese paper was used to cover a single paper binding. In this study, the manuscripts with dedication records of Mehmed II, the gathering of these manuscripts, the thoughts on the workshops they were prepared and finally their place in the collections of the Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, where they are preserved today, were examined.

Pflugdarstellung aus dem 15. Jahrhundert in gotischen Sanktuarium der Pfarrkirche zu Sárospatak.
Auf den Maurresten des Chors, das 1530 oder später abgerissen und aufgefüllt wurde, ist eine primitive Darstellung eines Pflügevorganges zu sehen. Die Ritzarbeit stammt wahrscheinlich von Kinderhand. Der Verfasser versucht mit Hilfe von Kinderzeichnungen aus den umliegenden Dörfern, anderen zeitgenössischen Pflugdarstellungen und etnografischen Analogien den Typ des Pfluges festzustellen.
Der Verfasser nimmt an, dass es sich um einen Pflug mit asymmetrischer Pflugkarre handelt. Die Zeichnung kann in die Zeit zwischen 1480— 1490 datiert werden. Die Mitteilung wird durch die verhältnismässig wenigen Darstellungen in der ungarischen Pflugliteratur begründet. Die genannte Darstellung ist ungefähr gleichaltrig mit den zwei ältesten Pflugdarstellungen, die in Wappen vorkommen. Die Karre ist das früheste Denkmal dieser Art, das wir kennen, obwohl Pflugkarren in Ungarn schon viel früher benutzt wurden, wie den historischen Quellen über die Pflüge im 14. Jahrhundert zu entnehmen ist.

Wykorzystywanie znaków bojowych, szczególnie w postaci chorągwi, sztandarów, flag, bander, proporców i innych podobnych do nich przedmiotów w prowadzeniu działań wojennych jest od wieków widoczne we wszystkich armiach. Przedmioty te pełniły w przeszłości rozmaite zadania, zarówno w wymiarze praktycznym, jak też ideowym. Pozwalały na identyfikację armii i oddziałów, które się nimi posługiwały, wskazując zarazem na ich właścicieli i dysponentów, takich jak państwa (bądź ich władcy) czy zorganizowane zbiorowości. Ułatwiały walczącym orientację na polu walki, rozróżnianie i ustalanie położenia oddziałów własnych i nieprzyjacielskich. Za ich pomocą dowódcy mogli kierować działaniami podwładnych, którzy skupiali się wokół swoich znaków. W trudnych momentach walk obecność chorągwi mogła być dla nich skutecznym oparciem, a jej utrata zazwyczaj prowadziła do klęski. Jednocześnie znaki bojowe symbolizowały honor, waleczność i męstwo wojsk, do których należały. Z tego względu były otaczane czc...

The article deals with narratives about the Battle of Kamno (21 August 1407) in Pskov chronicles. The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between texts, as well as to propose a model which explains their origin. Chronicle narratives about the Battle of Kamno can be divided into two editions, brief (in the Pskov 2nd Chronicle) and vast (in the Pskov 1st and 3rd chronicles). The study of texts demonstrates that both editions have the same source – the archetype of chronicle narrative about the Battle of Kamno. Besides, the origin of a marginal note in the Prologue (dating back to the turn of 15–16 cc.) is discussed. This text cannot be considered independent, as it also derives from the archetype of chronicle narrative. In conclusion, it is argued that the original text was considerably revised while rewriting. Thus, the surviving note cannot be treated as a source contemporary to the Battle of Kamno.

The article explores the emergence of the Hussite movement and the establishment of egalitarian communities that embraced a lifestyle without taxes or private property. The concern of the authorities and the resulting internal conflicts highlighted significant changes and internal struggles. Leaders such as Jan Žižka adopted more aggressive and violent stances, considering Prague and other cities as enemies. In this context, Petr Chelčický, influenced by the Taborites, emerges as a prominent figure. His critical writings towards the clergy and the Church defend pacifism, egalitarianism, and communism, advocating for the autonomy of the Czech church and opposing German domination. Chelčický distances himself from the Hussites due to his rejection of violence and in his hometown, he develops an extensive body of work proposing a life free from materialism and power conflicts. His local influence is significant, leaving a legacy in the religious and social reforms of the era and beyond.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących udziału wydatków na żywność w budżecie domowym żołnierzy polskich i litewskich w połowie XVII w. Przyjęto hipotetyczny jadłospis zgodny z dzisiejszymi normami energetycznymi i uwzględniający podstawowe produkty spożywcze dostarczające odpowiednią ilość węglowodanów, białka i tłuszczów, które były wówczas popularne również wśród uboższych warstw społeczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej. Z szacunkowych obliczeń wynika, że jego koszt wyniósłby ok. 40% żołdu szeregowego wojskowego służącego w piechocie. W przypadku pobierania przez dowódcę większej części żołdu na wyżywienie swoich podwładnych, np. 50%, świadczyłoby to o możliwości utrzymywania z nadwyżki osób wspomagających działanie oddziału od zaplecza.

People, individually or in groups, move house for various reasons, motivated by economic, environmental, political, social (including personal), and spiritual reasons. The impetus for a move may be a push factor or a pull factor (or both). 2 To understand these factors in the past often only aggregated data of some sort are available, not records of why decisions were made to move. Even in the absence of detailed information, however, patterns of movement can be discerned that suggest, or provide hypotheses for, understanding why people moved.

Johannes Tinctoris (ca 1435 – 1511) is now remembered more for his theory than for his composition. His Missa L’homme armé, however, is a sophisticated work that both responds to earlier elements of the L’homme armé repertoire and offers the opportunity to evaluate Tinctoris’s compositional achievement against his contrapuntal teaching.

The ‘Et incarnatus’ of this mass seems simply to be one more example of Tinctoris’s dialogue with the broader tradition, holding up a mirror to the precursor canon around which Guillaume Faugues built his own L’homme armé mass. Examining this passage through the lens of compound counterpoint, however, expands this view enormously. Compound counterpoint provides a means of analysing structure and voice relationships within four-voice cantus firmus polyphony in purely contrapuntal terms, and reveals the ‘Et incarnatus’ to be a composition of extraordinary subtlety. Complicating the canonic structure of the passage, Tinctoris builds a complex network of relationships within and across voice-pairs, demonstrating a masterful control of contrapuntal complexity. This short passage, more than any other section of the mass, shows that Tinctoris’s technical facility matched his theoretical authority.

(Review of:) Alfonso Fernández de Madrigal, El Tostado, Breuiloquium de amore et amicitia / Tratado de amor y amiçiçia. I. De amore, Estudio y edición crítica bilingüe de los textos latino y romance por T. González Rolán y A. López Fonseca, Madrid, Guillermo Escolar Editor (Colección Hitos), 2021, 356 pp.

This paper deals with the complex relationship between Latin and Romance in the Middle Ages/Renaissance Period and focuses on the importance of translational activity from Latin for understanding the different stages of evolution of the Spanish language. We insist on the need to analyze translated texts, in comparison with the Latin source text, within a theoretical-methodological framework capable of accounting for the different manifestations of interface between source text and target text, and we offer examples of how the attitude of translators is not always a consequence of a faithful attachment to Latin despite the great admiration for the language of the classics in medieval and Renaissance times. It also highlights the importance of Latin sources not only for the evolution of genres that belong to the field of communicative distance but also of those in which the creation of a fictive dialogue is sought, suitable for the literary construction of an elaborated orality that will have a great repercussion on Castilian authors until the Modern Period.

W artykule na przykładzie rodzin Neledińskich i Kołyczewów omówiono powody emigracji do Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego z państwa moskiewskiego w drugiej połowie XV i początkach XVI w. Na podstawie przede wszystkim dokumentów z Archiwum Piłsudskich-Giniatowiczów (AGAD) udało się wyjaśnić nie tylko stosunki rodzinne, ale też szczegóły dotyczące urzędników centralnych. Źródłem do badań były głównie księgi Metryki Litewskiej, księgi pamiątkowe (przede wszystkim Subbotnik ili Pominnik monasteru supraskiego) i Rodosłowiec Neledińskich i Kołyczewów. Udało się uściślić czas zakończenia kadencji namiestnika kiernowskiego Semena Podbereskiego i ustalić nazwisko nowego. Głównym celem było poznanie korzeni rodzin Kołyczewów i Neledińskich, a także sposobu ich przybycia do Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i prześledzenie procesie adaptacji w nowym otoczeniu.

The principality of Savoy kept on growing between the 13th century and the 15th century and more particularly in its western margins, always pushing its limits further, till they reach the Saône. Arriving at this river, the limit between the kingdom of France and the empire, the dukes found themselves caught in a power game between, on the one hand, ecclesiastical communities which had possessions across the Saône although located in the kingdom such as the abbeys of Tournus, Cluny, Ainay or Île-Barbe in Lyon, the Church of Lyon but also the Duke of Bourbon, heir of the Beaujolais possessions in the land of the Empire, and on the other hand the king of France who wanted to protect these communities pretending they had founded by their ancestors. Thus, in the 15th century, the clashes between Savoy with these different actors were frequent, thus forcing the King of France to intervene. The stakes were indeed power stakes that passed through the boundaries of these States. Thus, the marking of the limits by signs of wood, then of stone, was requested by Louis XI in 1476 in order to consolidate them and then avoid their destruction. These power issues went through the possession of strongholds such as that of Vimy (Neuville-sur-Saône) which had,been exchanged in 1435 by the Abbot of Île-Barbe Aynard de Cordon to Amédée VIII, giving him direct access to both one of the important strongholds on the left bank of the Saône but also to one of the main ports on the Saône upstream from Lyon. Finally, through various examples taken from the many documents kept in Lyon, Turin or Dijon, it is possible to retrace the exchanges and treaties made between the king and the duke, but also the means implemented to bring together the arguments to justify these limits and the duke’s claims.

El presente documento es un extracto de las páginas 200-216 de la transcripción del "Aucto del Finamiento de Jacob" que publicaría Louis Rouanet en el primer volumen de su obra "Colección de autos, farsas, y coloquios del siglo 16" publicado en el año 1901.

La obra en cuestión posee un valor significativo no solo por ser un auténtico ejemplo del patrimonio artístico español preservado con esmero, sino también por ser, en cierto sentido, un testimonio invaluable de elementos lingüísticos de la lengua de los romaníes de la Peninsula Ibérica.

Serious environmental damage calls for the need of complementary approaches in applying tauhidic elements for environmental education. Hence, this study examined how the practices of integrating tauhidic elements for environmental education are carried out in two Islamic science boarding schools. A qualitative study was conducted by interviewing two science teachers and two Islamic education teachers from each school and an environmental education coordinator for data triangulation. The participants of this study were sampled using purposive sampling. The interview data transcribed were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings show that the integration of tauhidic elements in the school curriculum takes place with the support of the teachers and school administrators. However, the integration of tauhidic elements for environmental education only takes place through two approaches, namely through the inculcation of values from the teachers’ advice and actions as role models, as wel...

Tento článek se zabývá procesem syntézy žárovzdorné forsterit-spinelové keramiky za použití vysokoteplotního popílku a reaktivního oxidu hlinitého jako zdroje oxidu hlinitého. Vstupní suroviny byly rozemlety, smíchány v různém poměru a vypáleny při 1500 °C po dobu 2 h. Vypálené zkušební vzorky byly charakterizovány pomocí RTG difrakční analýzy a rastrovacího elektronového mikroskopu. Rovněž byla zkoumána pórovitost, nasákavost, objemová hmotnost, žárovzdornost, únosnost v žáru, odolnost proti změnám teplot a korozní odolnost vůči účinkům taveniny železa. Výsledné vlastnosti byly poté porovnány v závislosti na zdroji oxidu hlinitého. Přítomnost spinelu ve vzorcích vedla ke zlepšení mikrostruktury, mechanických vlastností, odolnosti proti změnám teplot a také korozní odolnosti. Zejména směsi s 10–20 % spinelu měly nejslibnější výsledky.

This article discusses the military organisation of Pskov countryside (volost’) and Pskov suburbs (prigorody). The aim of the study is to determine the place of troops from the countryside and the suburban militia in the military system of Pskov and Pskov Land on the whole, as well as to estimate the number of these forces. As a source, the texts of Pskov chronicles are used. It is argued that “country people” (sel’skiye l’udy), mentioned in the Pskov chronicles, were the landed gentry from the countryside, who did not belong to the political community of Pskov but owed military service in case of mobilisation. The comparison with Novgorodian sel’niky shows that the emergence sel’skiye l’udy as a social group in Pskov Land was connected to its frontier location. Then the number of Pskov suburbs during the period in question is determined and their role in the defense system of Pskov Land is analysed. Finally, the number of troops from the countryside and the militia of Pskov suburbs is assessed. The author comes to the conclusion that troops from the countryside and the suburban militia were an integral part of Pskov military system, having been able to join the Pskov town militia during campaigns. However, the mobilisation of the Pskov town militia and troops from the countryside provided the Pskovites with sufficient forces to wage war, thus there was no need to gather the suburban militia.

Statuty Kazimierza Wielkiego były najważniejszą ustawą, jaka obowiązywała w Królestwie Polskim w epoce Średniowiecza. Oprócz artykułów mających kształt norm generalnych znajduje się w nich 26 artykułów o charakterze indywidualnych kazusów prawnych, tzw. prejudykatów. W artykule została podjęta próba wyjaśnienia ich genezy. Zdaniem autora prejudykaty wykazują istotne podobieństwo do średniowiecznych dekretałów papieskich (litterae decretales), w szczególności do Dekretałów Grzegorza IX z 1234 r. Pomimo że prejudykaty dotyczyły indywidualnych spraw, stanowiły wzór prawidłowego rozstrzygnięcia konkretnych kwestii prawnych. Miały one charakter pouczeń prawnych lub deklaracji prawa (declaratio iuris) ogłaszanych przez króla.

An artwork in the National Museum of Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum), the old carved stalls (stalla) with painted coats of arms from the Parish Church (recently: Basilica) of St Giles in Bártfa (Bartfeld, now Bardejov, Slovakia) are an outstanding relic of the late Gothic period in Hungary, publicly known as the King Matthias’ stalls On the dorsale of the Gothic stalls, made of linden in 1483, the coats of arms of the Hungarian royal couple, Matthias Hunyadi and Queen Consort Beatrice of Aragon, Princess of Naples were carved in a flat relief or relief-en-creux, accompanied at present by the coats of arms of 12 countries or their kings.

Les pathologies provoquées par l’excès amoureux ont fait l’objet de nombreux développements dans les practicae des XIVe et XVe siècles. Cet article étudie les différentes thérapies proposées pour les guérir. Il s’appuie sur le Lilium medicinae de Bernard de Gordon (mort en 1330), la Practica sive Philonium de Valesco de Tarenta (actif en 1382-1417), l’Opus preclarum d’Antonio Guaineri (mort en 1458) et la Practica Maior de Michel Savonarole (mort en 1466).

Fa algun temps que he centrat la meva recerca en el domini que exercí Barce-lona, com a senyor feudal, sobre les terres d'Elx i Crevillent al migjorn valencià. Prova d'això són les meves aportacions als III i IV congressos d'història de Barce-lona1 i altres articles com el que va aparèixer a ...

Preview del libro Roberto Sanseverino. Condottiero del Rinascimento italiano tra arte militare e politica. Il libro descrive la tempestosa vicenda militare e politica di Roberto Sanseverino, ultimo dei grandi condottieri del quattrocento italiano. Il Sanseverino può tra i capitani di ventura rappresentare bene il suo tempo, del quale ebbe tutti i pregi e i difetti, le virilità e le debolezze, le virtù e le colpe. Valentissimo nell’arte militare fu uomo politico che prese spesso le armi per servire le sue idee e le sue ambizioni, prendendo tanta autorità da esser amato e temuto allo stesso tempo dai più grandi stati d’Italia. Uomo dall’animo irrequieto che vide sempre sfuggire la meta delle sue fatiche: uno stato proprio e indipendente.

Artistic authorship intends to define the relationship that unites an artist to an artwork. In the 1960s, artists who began to delegate the fabrication of their works of art to others challenged the conventional paradigm of authenticity as prime criterion of authorship. This article surveys the precedent of late medieval artistic authorship through a case study of French court painter Jean Fouquet (c. 1420-1481). In the 1490s, ducal secretary François Robertet ascribed most of the miniatures of an illuminated volume of the Antiquités judaïques to Fouquet's "hand", which François Avril reattributed in 2003 to the "hand" of his chief associate, the Master of the Munich Boccaccio. In attempting to reconcile these two seemingly opposing ideas of Fouquet's "hand", this essay unveils the strategies by which a late medieval French painter could assert, claim, or be credited with the authorship of artworks that had been respectively painted by his own hand, entrusted to his associate, or delegated to journeymen active in their workshop.

In the years 1575–1578 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth used money to corrupt members of the court of the Sultan and Khan to protect the Ruthenian lands. On the one hand, the Poles “bought” their supporters from among the Crimean Tartars, and on the other hand, they wanted to influence the Khan using his sovereign, the Sultan. During this period, the Ruthenian nobility indeed defended their land against the Tartar invasions, but did not propose any changes to the system of defense. They did not see that their actions neither solved nor prevented the problem.